Residue, Dissipation Pattern, and Dietary Risk Assessment of Imidacloprid in Chinese Chives

Abstract

The demand for Chinese chives is growing as they are also rich in vitamins, fiber, and sulfur nutrients. Chinese chives should be sprayed with imidacloprid to control pests and diseases to safeguard their yield and to meet the demands of East Asian consumers for Chinese chives. Overspraying of imidacloprid can lead to residues in Chinese chives, posing a severe risk to human health. To reduce the harmful effects of imidacloprid residues on humans, we investigated the imidacloprid dissipation pattern and the final residue on Chinese chives using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Good linearity (R2= 0.9988), accuracy (expressed as recovery % of 78.34–91.17%), precision [expressed as relative SDs (RSDs) of 0.48–6.43%], and sensitivity [a limit of quantification (LOQ) ≤ 8.07 × 104 mg/kg] were achieved. The dissipation dynamics were consistent with the first-order kinetics, with a half-life of 2.92 days. The final residual levels on Chinese chives were 0.00923–0.166 mg/kg, which is lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of 1 mg/kg for imidacloprid on Chinese chives. A risk assessment index of <1 indicates that Chinese chives are safe for consumption.

Residues and dissipation of imidacloprid in avocado fruit

“…According to Zhai et al (2022) and Durán-Quirós et al (2017), pesticide residues gradually decrease over time, and the rate of decrease varies by various environmental factors, and plant and pesticide characteristics.…”

“…The figure 4 shows the logarithmic dissipation of imidacloprid for the two types of application, evidencing that AAF and GPP also caused a staggered dissipation in the peel and pulp of the avocado as time increases. In a study of imidacloprid dissipation by Zhai et al (2022) in Chinese onion (Allium tuberosum) they observed dissipation dynamics consistent with first order kinetics, with final residual levels between 0.00923 and 0.166 mg.kg -1 below the MRL (1 mg.kg -1 ) with a risk assessment index <1 indicating that they are safe for consumption.…”

“…According to Zhai et al (2022) and Hladik et al (2018), the agroecological zone where a pesticide is applied would have its effect mainly on the daily dissipation rate of the residue. In this regard, Pereira et al (2021), andZhou et al (2021), highlight that in arid areas, high temperatures, and wind action would be the determining factors in pesticide dissipation.…”