Residue Depletion and Tissue-Plasma Correlation of Methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic Acid after Dietary Administration of Olaquindox in Pigs

Abstract

A residue depletion study was performed to investigate the tissue kinetics and tissue-plasma correlation of methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (MQCA), the marker residue of olaquindox (OLA), in pigs. Twenty-five pigs were randomly divided into a test and a control group. The former group was treated with 100 mg/kg OLA in its feed for 30 consecutive days, and the latter was given blank feed for the same period. One control and four treated animals were slaughtered at 0.5, 3, 10, 17, and 28 days post-medication. Muscle, liver, kidney, fat, and plasma samples were collected and analyzed using the validated high-performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC). Results showed that the tissue concentration of MQCA in the liver > kidney > fat > muscle, at almost all time points. The half-lives of MQCA in the muscle, liver, kidney, fat, and plasma were 12, 8, 15, 8, and 6 days, respectively. A withdrawal period of 38 days was calculated using the statistical method recommended by the European Medical Evaluation Agency (EMEA). Good correlations between tissue and plasma MQCA levels were found in the present study with correlation coefficients of more than 0.92. These correlations would be helpful in the routine monitoring of OLA in porcine tissues, without sacrificing the animals.

Estimation of residue depletion of cyadox and its marker residue in edible tissues of pigs using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling

“…Traditional surveillance of veterinary drug residues relies on their detection in incurred samples, which is expensive and timeconsuming. Over the past few decades, several methods have been developed to predict residue profile of veterinary drugs in food animals, including traditional pharmacokinetic (Mercer et al, 1977;Riviere, 2011) as well as tissue-body fluid (blood and urine) correlation approaches (Chiesa et al, 2006a;Yang et al, 2010;.…”

Determination of quinoxaline antibiotics in fish feed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody

“…[1][2][3] Olaquindox (N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-2-quinoxaline-carboxamide-1,4-dioxide; OLA), quinocetone (3-methyl-2quinoxalinbenzenevinylketo-1,4-dioxide; QCT), cyadox (CYA), carbadox (CBX), and mequindox (MEQ), which belong to the quinoxaline family, are antibiotics and growth promoters used in aquaculture and animal husbandry. [8][9][10] The chemical structures of these compounds are shown in Fig. [8][9][10] The chemical structures of these compounds are shown in Fig.…”

“…8,11,12 Due to their low toxicity effects, MEQ and QCT, two antibiotic derivatives of the quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide family, have been widely used in China as OLA and CBX alternatives. 8,11,12 Due to their low toxicity effects, MEQ and QCT, two antibiotic derivatives of the quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide family, have been widely used in China as OLA and CBX alternatives.…”

Development of a Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay for the Rapid Detection of Methyl-3-Quinoxaline-2-Carboxylic Acid in Porcine Tissues

“…A few reports of the detection of olaquindox residues in tissue have all used chromatographic methods, which are lengthy, labor-intensive, or involve complex sample preparation including extraction, cleanup, and possible chemoselective derivatization (Huang et al 2005;Wu et al 2007;Hutchinson, Young, and Kennedy 2005;Boison, Lee, and Gedir 2009;Yang et al 2010).…”