Residue analysis of acephate and its metabolite methamidophos in open field and greenhouse pakchoi (Brassica campestris L.) by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

The final residue analysis demonstrated that >50% of total methamidophos were resulted from the degradation of acephate 7 and 18 days after it was applied on the greenhouse pakchoi, respectively. While in the open-field pakchoi, >90% of total methamidophos was found to be the metabolite of acephate.

A review on sample preparation and chromatographic determination of acephate and methamidophos in different samples

“…Immense toxicity of acephate and methamidophos has been observed in environment including birds (Zinkl et al, 1981;Vyas et al, 1996), animals (Singh and Drewes, 1987), fishes (Szeto et al, 1979), soils and its microorganisms (Wu et al, 2010;Lo, 2010;Battu et al, 2009). Studies have revealed that acephate and methamidophos can persist on soils (Zhang et al, 2005;Battu et al, 2009), fruits and vegetables (Antonious and Snyder, 1994;Bouchard and Lavy, 1982;Chuanjiang et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2008), in dietary products (WHO, 2003(WHO, , 2005Nougade`re et al, 2012), cereal and other cash crops (Hiemstra & Kok, 2007;Antonious and Snyder, 1994;Bouchard and Lavy, 1982;Chuanjiang et al, 2010). Both, acephate and methamidophos having high leaching capacity, contaminate agriculture soils by leaching behavior (Chai et al, 2009(Chai et al, , 2010.…”

“…In soil, plants and insects approximate half-life period of acephate is 3-6 days, although in some soils the half-life may be increased to more than 13-60 days due to variation of properties (physical, chemical and biological) of soils (Antonious and Snyder, 1994;Bouchard and Lavy, 1982;Chuanjiang et al, 2010;Yen et al, 2000). Acidic nature of soil is responsible for long life spam of acephate in soils ( (Antonious and Snyder, 1994;Bouchard and Lavy, 1982;Chuanjiang et al, 2010).…”

“…Acidic nature of soil is responsible for long life spam of acephate in soils ( (Antonious and Snyder, 1994;Bouchard and Lavy, 1982;Chuanjiang et al, 2010). It has been observed that, after the decomposition acephate generally converts into highly toxic methamidophos (O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate) (Table 1) and methamidophos is also an efficient organophosphorus insecticide (Yen et al, 2000;Chuckwudebe, 1984).…”

Photocatalytic degradation of acephate in pak choi,Brassica chinensis, with Ce-doped TiO2

“…[3][4][5] Acephate is less persistent in the environment than many other organophosphates, with a half-life that ranges from 10 to 15 days at the recommended use rate, depending on the soil properties and environmental conditions. [6][7][8] However, the extensive and indiscriminate use of acephate has led to the accumulation of its residues in various agricultural products. Katz and Winter detected acephate residues in US domestic and imported fruit and vegetable samples and further found that domestic exposure to acephate was significantly higher.…”

Insecticides induced biochemical changes in freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas mexicana

“…The unregulated and indiscriminate application of insecticides has lead to their frequent appearance in water resources. Acephate and imidacloprid (Table 1) are low poisonous insecticides and are highly soluble in water (Chuanjiang et al 2010;Jemec et al 2007). These insecticides have raised much concern because of their intermediates, which are more toxic than their parent compounds (Anhalt et al 2007; Mohapatra et al 2011).…”