RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES USED FOR LEPIDOPTERAN INSECT CONTROL ON CITRUS TO APHYTIS MELINUS DEBACH (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE)

Bellows, T. S.; Morse, J. G.; Gaston, Lyle K.

doi:10.4039/ent125995-6

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Many pesticides, when used at the recommended rates for controlling citrus pests are toxic to parasitoids, especially Aphytis . These include methomyl, phosphamidon, monocrotophos, methidathion, carbosulfan, chlorpyrifos, esfenvalerate, fluvalinate, carbaryl, acephate, parathion, dimethoate and formetanate (Morse & Bellows, 1986; Bellows et al , 1993; Jalali & Singh, 1995; Hassan & Summers, 1997; Smith et al , 1998). It is also widely considered that many pesticides are harmful to coccinellids, predatory mites and other natural enemies (Hwang et al , 1986; Morse & Bellows, 1986; Grafton‐Cardwell & Ouyang, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, at first sight, it appears that HMOs can be just as toxic as organophosphate insecticides while also having additional anti‐pest properties. However, HMOs may be more benign to motile natural enemies because their residual toxicity is much shorter‐lived (Bellows et al , 1993; Najar‐Rodriguez et al , 2007b). Thus individuals moving into HMO‐sprayed vegetation from unsprayed patches may escape toxic exposure more than they would in the case of other pesticide residues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conservation of natural enemy fauna in citrus canopies by horticultural mineral oil: Comparison with effects of carbaryl and methidathion treatments for control of armored scales

et al. 2010

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The disruptive effects of an nC24 horticultural mineral oil (HMO) and two other insecticides (carbaryl and methidathion) on two armored scale insects and natural enemy fauna were evaluated in two citrus orchards. In the first orchard, all three spray treatments and non‐sprayed controls were distributed separately among individual trees in one block, whereas in the second orchard the control, HMO and methidathion treatments were applied at the level of whole blocks. The results in both orchards were similar. All three of the spray treatments had a lethal effect on the red scale insects and the effects of HMO and methidathion tested at the second site lasted for at least 19 weeks and for purple scale, at least 50 weeks. HMO did not have a significant effect on the abundance and species diversity of parasitoids and (for the most part) did not affect coccinellids and predatory mites. Both carbaryl and methidathion caused significant ongoing disruption to the above groups. No treatment resulted in the resurgence of the scale insects or the outbreak of phytophagous mites, even where whole blocks were sprayed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation of natural enemy fauna in citrus canopies by horticultural mineral oil: Comparison with effects of carbaryl and methidathion treatments for control of armored scales

et al. 2010

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“…The toxicity of insecticides to other hymenopterans such as honey bees and a solitary parasitic wasp was directly proportional to the amount of dislodged residues (Bellows et al 1993, Chukwudebe et al 1997. The substrate surface and the type of pesticide can alter the amount of dislodgeable residue (Antonious andSnyder 1995, Chukwudebe et al 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Survival of Adult Tiphia vernalis (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) After Insecticide, Fungicide, and Herbicide Exposure in Laboratory Bioassays

Oliver

Reding

Moyseenko

et al. 2006

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Tiphia vernalis Rohwer is a hymenopteran ectoparasitoid of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, larvae. The adult wasps feed on nectar or honeydew between mid-April and late June. Adults may contact pesticides when landing on foliage or when females hunt for grubs in the soil. The lethal effect of nursery, turf, and landscape pesticides was determined by exposing wasps to treated foliage in the laboratory. Pesticides tested at labeled rates were the insecticides bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, halofenozide, and imidacloprid; the herbicides oryzalin, pendimethalin, and a combination product with 2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop (multiherbicide); and the fungicides chlorothalonil and thiophanate-methyl. During 2001 and 2002, male and female T. vernalis were exposed to pesticides by using turf cores. For both years, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, and imidacloprid treatments lowered adult survival relative to the control, but halofenozide had minimal effect on mortality of males and females. More males than females died after exposure to carbaryl treatments. Survival of females was not reduced by exposure to herbicides or fungicides. Females were apparently more tolerant of pesticides than males. Mortality of males in response to herbicides and fungicides was more variable than for females; in 2002 trials, male mortality was higher after exposure to multiherbicide, oryzalin, pendimethalin, and thiophanate-methyl than the control. The fungicide chlorothalonil did not increase mortality of males or females in either year. Sublethal effects were not evaluated. The study indicates the choice of pesticide may be important for conserving T. vernalis in nursery, landscape, and turf settings.

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“…If imidacloprid residues in thatch are displaced to the wasp integument more easily than residues in the soil, then studies that surface spray imidacloprid would be likely to cause greater T. vernalis toxicity. Other studies using multiple insecticides, which included carbaryl and chlorpyrifos, have shown a direct correlation between mortality levels of different parasitic Hymenoptera species and the amount of insecticide residue dislodged from foliage (Bellows et al 1993, Chukwudebe et al 1997. The degree of insecticide volatilization is another factor that may explain differences in imidacloprid toxicity between studies that soil-incorporate versus surface apply.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of Insecticides on Tiphia vernalis (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) Oviposition and Survival of Progeny to Cocoon Stage When Parasitizing Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Larvae

Oliver

Mannion

Klein

et al. 2005

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The effect of insecticides on oviposition of Tiphia vernalis Rohwer and subsequent survival of parasitoid progeny to the cocoon stage was determined in the laboratory by using larval Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, as the host. Insecticides tested were imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, halofenozide, chlorpyrifos, and carbaryl at labeled rates. Female T. vernalis were allowed 2 d to parasitize P. japonica larvae after the parasitoids had received a 4-d exposure to insecticide-treated soil. Another group of female T. vernalis were allowed 2 d to parasitize P. japonica larvae that had been exposed to insecticide-treated soil for 3-4 d. Percentage of parasitism of P. japonica larvae in these trials after exposure of adult parasitoids to carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, halofenozide, or imidacloprid-treated soil (23.3-50.0%) or adult parasitoids to chlorpyrifos, halofenozide, or imidacloprid-treated grubs (33.0-56.7%) was not negatively affected relative to the control treatment (21.7-54.2%). A third group of adult T. vernalis and P. japonica larvae were simultaneously exposed to chlorpyrifos or carbaryl treatments. Percentage parasitism in these trials was lower for T. vernalis adults exposed to the chlorpyrifos and carbaryl (15.0-25.0%) relative to the control (57.5-62.5%) with the exception of one trial with carbaryl (40.0%). However, exposure of the parasitoid and P. japonica to chlorpyrifos 0.5X, carbaryl 0.5X, imidacloprid, halofenozide, or thiamethoxam in several trials resulted in parasitism that was equivalent or greater than (45.0-80.0%) the untreated control (57.5-62.5%). Japanese beetle larval mortality in these trials was greater in the insecticide and parasitoid combination (97.5-100.0%) than with insecticides alone (45.0-100.0%). Percentage of survival of T. vernalis progeny to the cocoon stage was not negatively affected by a 4-d adult parasitoid exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos treated soil (11.7-16.7% versus 18.3% control) or a 2-d exposure to P. japonica-treated larvae (16.7-18.3% versus 28.3% control). However, simultaneous exposure of T. vernalis progeny and P. japonica larvae to chlorpyrifos- and carbaryl-treated soil resulted in no parasitoids surviving to the cocoon stage. Between neonicotinoids, thiamethoxam had more adverse impact on percentage parasitism (52.5%) and survival to the cocoon stage (10.0%) than imidacloprid (80.0 and 32.5%, respectively). Results of this study indicate soil incorporation of imidacloprid and halofenozide had minimal effect on the number of P. japonica larvae parasitized by T. vernalis or survival of T. vernalis progeny to the cocoon stage; therefore, they are more suitable for use with T. vernalis. In contrast, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and thiamethoxam lowered the number of T. vernalis progeny surviving to the cocoon stage, and carbaryl and chlorpyrifos reduced the number of P. japonica larvae parasitized. The soil incorporation of insecticides is discussed as one explanation for the minimal effects of some insecticides on T. vernalis.

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RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES USED FOR LEPIDOPTERAN INSECT CONTROL ON CITRUS TO APHYTIS MELINUS DEBACH (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE)

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Conservation of natural enemy fauna in citrus canopies by horticultural mineral oil: Comparison with effects of carbaryl and methidathion treatments for control of armored scales

Conservation of natural enemy fauna in citrus canopies by horticultural mineral oil: Comparison with effects of carbaryl and methidathion treatments for control of armored scales

Survival of Adult <I>Tiphia vernalis</I> (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) After Insecticide, Fungicide, and Herbicide Exposure in Laboratory Bioassays

Effect of Insecticides on <I>Tiphia vernalis</I> (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) Oviposition and Survival of Progeny to Cocoon Stage When Parasitizing <I>Popillia japonica</I> (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Larvae

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