“…Additionally, since cold-formed members are usually thinner in comparison to hot-rolled sections, the compression failures modes to be considered are generally more complex, including local and post-buckling phenomena [36]. Residual stresses affect structural performance of steel members both for instability failures [37][38][39] and for fracture and fatigue near stress concentrators [40][41][42]. Especially for fatigue, residual stress levels at welded joints are expected to affect the service life of structures [43].…”