Residual Strain Analysis in Linear Friction Welds of Similar and Dissimilar Titanium Alloys Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction

Model-Based Feature Information Network (MFIN): A Digital Twin Framework to Integrate Location-Specific Material Behavior Within Component Design, Manufacturing, and Performance Analysis

“…The LFW process results in steep thermal gradients across the weld region, leading to the generation of spatially varying microstructures and residual stresses across the weld region [32][33][34][35]. While the present work is a demonstration of the MFIN applicability, the material's data are obtained from past studies published in the literature [35][36][37]. Using the MFIN framework, the microstructural information and residual stresses are spatially linked within the component's geometric model for subsequent damage tolerance analysis.…”

“…A customized material record of Ti-6Al-4V was created within the Granta MI database and comprised of physical, elastic, and mechanical properties of the material, as well as spatially varying information across the component, which include residual stress field and the average grain size of the material relative to the LFW (based on characterization data reported in [35]). After optimal parameters were determined for linear friction welding of Ti-6Al-4V to Ti-6Al-4V plates [35], the average grain sizes (d avg ) for the globular -phase was characterized at 7 locations across the weld region [35], as shown in Fig. 4a, c. The average grain sizes, d avg , of the microstructure were 1.65 m at the weld interface and 9.62 m, 8.90 m, 11.06 m , respectively, moving away from both sides of the weld center in a symmetric fashion [35], and these values were archived in the database.…”

“…After optimal parameters were determined for linear friction welding of Ti-6Al-4V to Ti-6Al-4V plates [35], the average grain sizes (d avg ) for the globular -phase was characterized at 7 locations across the weld region [35], as shown in Fig. 4a, c. The average grain sizes, d avg , of the microstructure were 1.65 m at the weld interface and 9.62 m, 8.90 m, 11.06 m , respectively, moving away from both sides of the weld center in a symmetric fashion [35], and these values were archived in the database. For the disk and the blade regions, a uniform d avg value of 11.06 m has been defined.…”

“…For the disk and the blade regions, a uniform d avg value of 11.06 m has been defined. Finally, the residual strain distributions characterized in [35] were used to create the residual stress components ( xx ( X) , yy (X) , zz (X) , in which the details are described in "Appendix" 1), as a function of the distance from the weld interface (X axis), as shown in (Fig. 4b).…”

“…For creating residual stress data, the reported characterization data [35] obtained using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDD) were used as a starting point. A sample of linear friction welded Ti-6Al-4V to Ti-6Al-4V plate was characterized by the diffracted intensity of high energy X-rays captured with detectors, by performing rotations to the sample, thereby obtaining the lattice strains in the and phases of Ti-6Al-4V corresponding to different families of planes along a series of scanned locations relative to the weld region.…”