Residual Nitrogen from NH4NO3 Fertilizer and from Alfalfa Plowed under1

Boawn, Louis C.; Nelson, Jack L.; Crawford, C. L.

doi:10.2134/agronj1963.00021962005500030007x

Cited by 15 publications

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“…Other research showed that the nitrate-N in mineralization bags estimated the N available to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and corn during the growing season (Westermann and Crothers, 1980). Several studies demonstrated that fertilizer N may not be required following a legume crop (Boawn et al, 1963;Fox and Piekielek, 1988). The N fertilizer requirement depends on (i) how well the N mineralization pattern synchronizes with the crop's N uptake pattern, and (ii) whether sufficient N has mineralized to satisfy the rapid N uptake requirement.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6:404-408 (1993). residues can also contribute significant amounts of N for crop use over time. Nitrogen uptake by corn over five cropping years from an area previously in alfalfa was 341 lb/acre greater than that from an uncropped soil area (Boawn et al, 1963). Crop sequence after legumes can also have a significant role in capturing the N mineralized.…”

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Nitrogen Fertilization of Wheat No-Till Planted in Alfalfa Stubble

Westermann¹,

Crothers²

1993

Journal of Production Agriculture

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Conservation tillage practices can significantly reduce soil erosion, improve water distribution, and decrease environmental concerns in furrow-irrigated fields. Developing fertilizer management practices that optimize crop yields after legumes in these systems will aid their adoption. This study evaluated the N fertilizer requirement of wheat planted in herbicide-killed alfalfa stubble.The N available after legumes is sufficient for maximum crop yields in many cropping systems. Fertilizing without accounting for the "extra" N mineralized from legume residues can contribute to high nitrate-N concentrations in the soil during crop production and increase nitrate-N leaching potential. Tillage practices also affect the physical, biological, and chemical nature of the soil, changing the N mineralization rates and N fertilizer requirements.Two soft white winter wheat (var. Stephens) experiments and one hard red spring wheat (var. Bronze Chief) experiment were conducted in southern Idaho between 1984 and 1987 on a furrow-irrigated silt loam soil. The wheat was no-till planted with a conventional double disk opener drill into alfalfa stubble, killed by spraying the fall regrowth with a mixture of 1 qt glyphosphate and 2 qt 2,4-D. Nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) was surface broadcast in the spring at rates between 0 and 200 or 240 lb/acre. Does wheat no-till planted in herbicide-killed alfalfa stubble require N fertilization for maximum grain yields?Nitrogen fertilization increased grain yields in all three field experiments ( Table 1). The N fertilizer response occurred because sufficient N had not mineralized from soil and legume sources before the wheat plant started rapid N uptake (Fig. 1). Nitrogen uptake rates by the wheat between jointing and soft dough growth stages were approximately twofold larger than soil N mineralization rates. This rapidly depleted the available nitrate-N in the rooting zone when fertilizer N was not applied. About 109 lb N/acre were taken up by the wheat plants at soft dough growth stage from soil and legume residue sources. The apparent N fertilizer recovery was 76%.In general, we recommend that other crops be planted in the herbicide killed alfalfa stubble instead of cereals if early spring leaching is not a problem. The N uptake patterns of potato, corn, and sugarbeet are substantially later than wheat's (Fig. I). This allows more nitrate-N to accumulate in the root zone from mineralization before crop N uptake starts and uses more of the N mineralized in late summer and early fall, reducing the potential for subsequent nitrate-N leaching.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 94%

Nitrogen Fertilization of Wheat No-Till Planted in Alfalfa Stubble

Westermann¹,

Crothers²

1993

Journal of Production Agriculture

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“…Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) removes water and NO,-N from deeper in the soil profile than other crops (2,7,11), and is an excellent NO 3 scavenger for reducing the amount of NO3-N leaching following a high N fertilized crop, or where alfalfa crops have received excessive N fertilizer applications (7). This characteristic has been utilized in renovating high N waste waters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high NO3-N levels found in some areas may come from any of several sources, and the sources must be idenified if management practices are to be changed to reduce nonpoint NO,-N sources entering subsurface, and eventually, surface waters. Nitrate leaching rates are a function of irrigation and precipitation rate and timing, nitrogen fertilizer application rate and timing (1, 6), and the crops grown (9, 12).Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) removes water and NO,-N from deeper in the soil profile than other crops (2,7,11), and is an excellent NO 3 scavenger for reducing the amount of NO3-N leaching following a high N fertilized crop, or where alfalfa crops have received excessive N fertilizer applications (7). This characteristic has been utilized in renovating high N waste waters.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nitrate‐Nitrogen Leached Below the Root Zone During and Following Alfalfa

Robbins¹,

Carter²

1980

J of Env Quality

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The nitrate-nitrogen (N0,-N) contribution to subsurface drainage water by irrigated alfalfa (Medic:ago satire L.) in crop rotations was evaluated by measuring the soil water flux and NON-N concentration below the root zone of alfalfa and crops following alfalfa with and without additional nitrogen fertilization. Under alfalfa grown on Portneuf silt loam (Durixeroilic Calciorthid) with a permeable hardpan, 44 kg NO,-N he year ' moved below the root zone at concentrations betWeen 3 and 15 ppm. During the growing season following alfalfa, 85-96 kg NO,-N he year' moved below the root zone under nonferdlized bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crops at concentrations between 1 and 83 ppm. The second growing season after alfalfa, 17-29 kg NO,-N he year' at 3-15 ppm NO,-N moved below the root zone of nonfertilized bean and wheat (Tridezun aeitiVillit L.) crops. A field planted to corn (Zea mays L.) and fertilized with 200 and 170 kg N ha-' the first and second year after alfalfa lost 153 and 108 kg NO-N he, respectively, from leaching. Leachate N concentrations varied from 1 to 64 ppm. Unfertilized corn lost 60 and 17 kg NO,-N/ha the first and second year after alfalfa, respectively, at leachate concentrations of 1-31 ppm. The NO,-N concentration in the soil solution below only slightly permeable hardpan areas was between 13 and 67 ppm, but only 10-23 kg he year' moved below the root zone because of the lower water flux through the hardpan. Comparing these results with previous data for the same area suggests that considerable denibifkation and/or dilution takes place at the water table interface since 5.2 ppm NO,-N was the highest concentration measured in the subsurface drainage water with an average of 3.2 ppm NO,-N. The NO,-N contributed by alfalfa in the crop rotation was estimated to equal just half of that accounted for in the subsurface drainage in a previous study on the same irrigated tract.' Contribution from the USDA-SEA-ARS; Univ. The potential health hazards of nitrate nitrogen (NO,-N) in surface and subsurface water has drawn increased public attention to agricultural practices as a possible source of nonpoint source NO 3-N water pollution. Because high NO,-N concentrations in drinking water are considered to pose health hazards to livestock and humans, particularly infants, the U.S. Public Health Service has set a maximum of 10 ppm NO,-N as the standard for drinking water (13). The high NO3-N levels found in some areas may come from any of several sources, and the sources must be idenified if management practices are to be changed to reduce nonpoint NO,-N sources entering subsurface, and eventually, surface waters. Nitrate leaching rates are a function of irrigation and precipitation rate and timing, nitrogen fertilizer application rate and timing (1, 6), and the crops grown (9, 12).Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) removes water and NO,-N from deeper in the soil profile than other crops (2,7,11), and is an excellent NO 3 scavenger for reducing the amount of NO3-N leaching following a high N fertilized crop, o...

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“…Contributions made by alfalfa to the soil N supply have long been recognized (Lyon and Bizzell 1933;Boawn et al 1963;Hoyt and Hennig 1971;Campbell et al 1993). However, poor synchrony between N release from legume residues and crop N demands may reduce the fertility benefits of the legume (Huntington et al 1985;Westermann and Crothers 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nitrogen dynamics under growth chamber conditions as influenced by method of alfalfa termination 2. Plant-available N release

Mohr¹,

Janzen²,

Entz³

1998

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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. 1998. Nitrogen dynamics under growth chamber conditions as influenced by method of alfalfa termination 2. Plant-available N release. Can. J. Soil Sci. 78: 261-266. Herbicide application has been proposed as an alternative to tillage for termination of established alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stands but it may alter the pattern and amount of N released from alfalfa residues. A controlled environment study was conducted to investigate the effect of termination technique on the availability of N to four barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops. Four treatments consisting of a factorial combination of two termination methods (chemical, mechanical) and two methods of residue placement (surface, incorporated) were established. Nitrogen uptake by the four consecutive crops of barley was measured during a 125-d period after termination. Termination method, particularly residue placement, strongly affected N release from alfalfa residues. Nitrogen accumulation by the initial barley crop accounted for >60% of cumulative N uptake in incorporated treatments compared with 39% and 24% for herbicide and tillage treatments in which alfalfa residue was surface applied. Herbicide application also slightly increased N uptake by the initial barley crop. Nitrogen uptake by subsequent barley crops was not affected by termination method; however, cumulative N uptake remained substantially greater for incorporated treatments throughout the 125 d experiment. Effects of residue particle size on N release from alfalfa residues were small. These results suggest that herbicide termination in which residue is retained on the soil surface may reduce the short-term plant-available N supply. Provided that mineralization is sufficient to meet the N needs of subsequent crops, maintaining a smaller reservoir of soil inorganic N may be beneficial in reducing the potential for leaching or denitrification losses. Le N absorbé par la première culture d'orge correspondait à plus de 60 % de l'exportation cumulative de N dans les traitements avec incorporation, contre, respectivement, 39 et 24 % pour le traitement herbicide et pour le traitement cultural avec localisation des restes en surface. La méthode chimique donnait également lieu à un léger accroissement de l'absorption de N par la première culture d'orge. L'absorption du N par les soles subséquentes d'orge était sensiblement la même indépendamment de la méthode de destruction utilisée, bien que l'exportation cumulative de N par chaque culture demeurat sensiblement plus forte dans les traitements avec incorporation tout au long de l'expérience. Les effets de la grosseur particulaire des restes sur la libération du N de la luzerne étaient de faible importance. Ces observations incitent à conclure que la destruction chimique serait susceptible de réduire la disponibilité à court terme du N assimilable. Pour autant que le degré de minéralisation soit suffisant pour satisfaire au besoin en azote des cultures subséquentes, le maintien d'un réservoir moins abondant de N minéral dans le sol aurait l'avantage ...

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Residual Nitrogen from NH₄NO₃ Fertilizer and from Alfalfa Plowed under¹

Abstract: Synopsis Residual N from NH4NO3 averaged 44% of the original application after 1 year but was insignificant after 2 years. For a 5‐year period, N uptake from the alfalfa area exceeded that from virgin area by 341 pounds per acre.

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Nitrogen Fertilization of Wheat No-Till Planted in Alfalfa Stubble

Nitrogen Fertilization of Wheat No-Till Planted in Alfalfa Stubble

Nitrate‐Nitrogen Leached Below the Root Zone During and Following Alfalfa

Nitrogen dynamics under growth chamber conditions as influenced by method of alfalfa termination 2. Plant-available N release

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