“…Thus, Port Harcourt which stands as a pivotal hub in the oil and gas industry, boasting an array of refineries, petrochemical plants, and industrial complexes. Its proliferation of these industrial facilities has precipitated widespread environmental deterioration, notably through soil contamination stemming from oil spills and pollutant emissions (Kwen et al, 2024;Raimi et al, 2023;Raufu et al, 2023;Olalekan et al, 2023;Rauf and Raimi, 2023;Glory et al, 2023;Kader et al, 2023b;Stephen et al, 2023;Yusf et al, 2023;Stephen et al, 2022;Awogbami et al, 2022;Raimi et al, 2022c, d, e;Clinton-Ezekwe et al, 2022;Afolabi and Raimi, 2021;Raimi et al, 2021a, b;Afolabi and Morufu, 2021;Morufu et al, 2021a, b, c, e, f;Raimi et al, 2020b;Olalekan et al, 2020a;Olalekan et al, 2019a;Raimi et al, 2019b, c, d;Raimi, 2019;Ebuete et al, 2019;Olalekan et al, 2018;Odipe et al, 2018;Raimi et al, 2018;Morufu and Clinton, 2017;Raimi and Sabinus, 2017b). This environmental degradation, compounded by issues such as deforestation and urbanization, presents formidable challenges for Port Harcourt (Raimi et al, 2019b, c;Olalekan et al, 2019b).…”