Residential Water Quality and the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States

Hyde, Kelly

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3572341

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Hence, in the face of imperfect knowledge, developing countries should assume the ‘worst-case scenario’ and take precautionary measures by integrating WASH to complement existing mitigation measures. Such proponents may also argue that WASH programmes have the potential to bring long-lasting and far-reaching health benefits, not only for COVID-19, but for several other human infections, including future outbreaks of similar pandemics ( Hyde, 2020 ). In addition, strengthening the WASH pillar will complement the current control methods based on social distancing, hand hygiene and the use of PPE by reducing human interactions particularly among women and children due to their critical role in household water provision, including water fetching.…”

Section: Looking Ahead: Decision Scenarios and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaving no stone unturned in light of the COVID-19 faecal-oral hypothesis? A water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) perspective targeting low-income countries

Gwenzi

2021

Science of The Total Environment

108

123

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The human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is now a global pandemic. Social distancing, hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment dominate the current fight against COVID-19. In developing countries, the need for clean water provision, sanitation and hygiene has only received limited attention. The current perspective examines the latest evidence on the occurrence, persistence and faecal-oral transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent causing COVID-19. Evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 proliferate in the human gastrointestinal system, and is shed via faeces. SARS-CoV-2 can survive and remain viable for up to 6 to 9 days on surfaces. Recent wastewater-based epidemiological studies from several countries also detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in raw wastewaters. Shell disorder analysis shows that SARS-CoV-2 has a rigid outer shell conferring resilience, and a low shell disorder conferring moderate potential for faecal-oral transmission. Taken together, these findings point to potential faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which may partly explain its rapid transmission. Three potential mechanisms may account for SARS-CoV-2 faecal-oral transmission: (1) untreated contaminated drinking water, (2) raw and poorly cooked marine and aquatic foods from contaminated sources, (3) raw wastewater-based vegetatble production systems (e.g., salads) and aquaculture, and (4) vector-mediated transmission from faecal sources to foods, particularly those from open markets and street vending. SARS-CoV-2 faecal-oral transmission could be particularly high in developing countries due to several risk factors, including; (1) poor drinking water, wastewater and sanitation infrastructure, (2) poor hygiene and food handling practices, (3) unhygienic and rudimentary funeral practices, including home burials close to drinking water sources, and (4) poor social security and health care systems with low capacity to cope with disease outbreaks. Hence, clean drinking water provision, proper sanitation, food safety and hygiene could be critical in the current fight against COVID-19. Future research directions on COVID-19 faecal-oral transmission are highlighted.

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Section: Looking Ahead: Decision Scenarios and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaving no stone unturned in light of the COVID-19 faecal-oral hypothesis? A water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) perspective targeting low-income countries

Gwenzi

2021

Science of The Total Environment

108

123

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“…This new sort of garbage is going beyond sanitary disposal management, which is poor and inappropriate (Calma, 2020). Therefore, there is a new contamination menace to coastal waters and beaches apart from increase the volume of empty bottles (Hyde, 2020).…”

Section: Covid-19 Impacts On Beaches and Coastal Water Pollution: Manmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Impacts on Beaches and Coastal Water Pollution: Management Proposals Post-pandemic

Ormaza-González¹,

Castro-Rodas²

2020

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic has obliged Governments all around the world to take confinement and social 13 distancing measures. The reduction of leisure and production activities on beaches and ports have 14 disappeared direct and indirect contamination such as plastics, hydrocarbon spill, microbiological loads, 15 noise level, etc. leading to temporary improved environmental conditions, converting the beaches 16 similar to Marine Protected Areas. Some conditions are briefly analyzed through local surveys and in situ 17 observations in the popular beaches and ports of Salinas, Manta and Galápagos. 97-99 % of surveyed 18 people agreed that beaches have notoriously improved during confinement at least from visual 19 observation. On a scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best), the beaches were rated 2.23 and 2.83 (less than 20 acceptable) before quarantine, and 4.48 and 4.33 after it for Salinas and Manta respectively. The 21 beaches have less garbage in general and plastic, even though there has been an increase in plastic and 22 face mask production around the world. In Salinas, 72%, and 23 % of surveyed people have seen small 23 pelagic fish, whilst in Manta 75%, and 41% of people saw the same, but also 17% of people have seen 24 whales (humpback and shark-whales) and dolphins practically swimming on the beach. Manta rays, 25 turtles, and other types of species were also observed. In Galapagos beaches, turtles have been 26 observed many more times than usual. The main plausible reason is the decrease in noise level. It is 27 recommended to take this unique opportunity, to construct a baseline data and information on physical, 28 chemical, biological, microbiological coastal oceanographic science, and from them to establish a proper 29 Coastal Zone Management based on beach description, water, and beach quality, human dimension, 30 and economic value indexes. This data and information construction should ideally be done before the 31 beaches are open.

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“…People were required to reduce the number of human activities such as large gatherings and community gatherings during the COVID-19 lockdown to reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus [19][20][21][22]. This separates nature from human activity for a short period, nonetheless, this time frame may be adequate for nature to regenerate and 'heal itself' [23,24]. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on water quality in Malaysia's Selangor region and to explore whether water quality in Selangor has improved or worsened as a result of the pandemic lockdown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Water Quality in Selangor, Malaysia during the Pandemic Movement Control Order

Shahrir¹,

Hayder²

2022

Adv Environ Eng Res

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The COVID-19 lockdown reduced the amount of human activity in Selangor, resulting in improved water quality, less water pollution, and a restored ecosystem. The purpose of this research was to investigate water quality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as changes in water pollution. After acquiring all of the data from third-party sources, this study analyzed the data using a methodical and statistical approach to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor. The purpose of the data analysis was to determine whether the parameters in the water samples met the Malaysian water quality standard. To summarise, there were positive impacts on DO, TSS, ammoniacal nitrogen, and turbidity during the pandemic lockdown period, but negative impacts on BOD, COD, and pH levels. The National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) (2022) also indicated that typical water resources remained polluted and that moderation activities for pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, and turbidity parameter were required to assure improved water resources in 2023. This observation was further demonstrated and agreed upon as the impact of the blockade became evident and the anthropogenic impact on water quality became apparent. Based on observations and analysis, it is possible to highlight the positive and negative aspects of the pandemic lockdown period in terms of water quality and wastewater in Selangor.

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Residential Water Quality and the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Leaving no stone unturned in light of the COVID-19 faecal-oral hypothesis? A water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) perspective targeting low-income countries

Leaving no stone unturned in light of the COVID-19 faecal-oral hypothesis? A water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) perspective targeting low-income countries

COVID-19 Impacts on Beaches and Coastal Water Pollution: Management Proposals Post-pandemic

Assessment of Water Quality in Selangor, Malaysia during the Pandemic Movement Control Order

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