“…Other than the treatment setting (community vs. prison) and the focus on work-release programming, the primary modality of treatment (the therapeutic community) and the intensity of treatment (residential) within the criminal justice systems appear to be similar to that which is provided within the in-prison treatment programs (Butzin, Martin, & Inciardi, 2002De Leon et al, 2000;Griffith, Hiller, Knight, & Simpson, 1999;Inciardi, Martin, & Butzin, 2004;Inciardi, Martin, Butzin, Hooper, & Harrison, 1997;Martin, Butzin, Saum, & Inciardi, 1999;Prendergast, Hall, Wexler, Melnick, & Cao, 2004;Prendergast, Wellisch, & Wong, 1996;Wexler, De Leon, Thomas, Kressel, & Peters, 1999). One study investigated postrelease residential services following intensive in-prison treatment, but the primary modality of the postrelease treatment was not a therapeutic community or work-release program (Prendergast et al, 1996). Knight, Simpson, and Hiller (1999) combined transitional residential care (3 months) with outpatient aftercare (up to 1 year of treatment without specified intensity) when studying the effects of aftercare.…”