Residential energy use emissions dominate health impacts from exposure to ambient particulate matter in India

Conibear, Luke; Butt, Edward; Knote, Christoph; Arnold, S. R.; Spracklen, Dominick V.

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02986-7

Cited by 180 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Previous studies that evaluated Indian scenarios (GBD MAPS Working Group, ; International Energy Agency, , ; Pommier et al, ) used relatively coarse spatial resolution (0.5° × 0.5° or 0.5° × 0.67°) chemical transport models to estimate the impacts on PM 2.5 concentrations per scenario, where the GBD MAPS Working Group then applied the fractional impacts on higher resolution ambient PM 2.5 concentrations to estimate the impacts on health. Model simulations using emissions at these resolutions have been shown to have discrepancies relative to observations (Moorthy et al, ; Pan et al, ; Pommier et al, ), while higher resolution models have been found to produce PM 2.5 concentrations in closer agreement to observations (Conibear et al, ; Kumar et al, ; Saikawa et al, ). Previous studies analyzing the current contributions of different emission sources in India found residential energy use (RES) emissions to dominate, with substantial contributions from power generation (ENE), industry (IND), and land transport (TRA) Conibear et al, ; GBD MAPS Working Group, ; Lelieveld et al, ; Silva et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Model simulations using emissions at these resolutions have been shown to have discrepancies relative to observations (Moorthy et al, ; Pan et al, ; Pommier et al, ), while higher resolution models have been found to produce PM 2.5 concentrations in closer agreement to observations (Conibear et al, ; Kumar et al, ; Saikawa et al, ). Previous studies analyzing the current contributions of different emission sources in India found residential energy use (RES) emissions to dominate, with substantial contributions from power generation (ENE), industry (IND), and land transport (TRA) Conibear et al, ; GBD MAPS Working Group, ; Lelieveld et al, ; Silva et al, ). Ambient PM 2.5 ‐related premature mortality in India has been found to be responsive to reductions in SO 2 emissions, with little sensitivity to NH 3 emissions (Lee et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent India‐specific Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) identified air pollution as a leading risk factor for public health (India State‐Level Disease Burden Initiative Collaborators, ; Indian Council of Medical Research et al, ). Exposure to ambient particle mass with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (particulate matter 2.5, PM 2.5 ) causes 1 million premature mortalities per year in India, where it is currently the second leading risk factor contributing to mortality (Cohen et al, ; Conibear et al, ; GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators, ). The Indian population is currently exposed to very high ambient PM 2.5 concentrations (Conibear et al, ; Ministry of Environment and Forests, ), with annual mean concentrations of up to 150 μg/m 3 in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) and episodic concentrations regularly reaching 800 μg/m 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure to ambient particle mass with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (particulate matter 2.5, PM 2.5 ) causes 1 million premature mortalities per year in India, where it is currently the second leading risk factor contributing to mortality (Cohen et al, ; Conibear et al, ; GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators, ). The Indian population is currently exposed to very high ambient PM 2.5 concentrations (Conibear et al, ; Ministry of Environment and Forests, ), with annual mean concentrations of up to 150 μg/m 3 in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) and episodic concentrations regularly reaching 800 μg/m 3 . These concentrations are 15 and 32 times larger than the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) respectively (World Health Organization, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to high concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is a leading risk factor for public health in India causing a large burden of disease. Business-as-usual economic and industrial growth in India is predicted to increase emissions, worsen air quality, and increase the associated disease burden in future decades. Here we use a high-resolution online-coupled model to estimate the impacts of different air pollution control pathways on ambient PM 2.5 concentrations and human health in India. We find that with no change in emissions, the disease burden from exposure to ambient PM 2.5 in 2050 will increase by 75% relative to 2015, due to population aging and growth increasing the number of people susceptible to air pollution. We estimate that the International Energy Agencies New Policy Scenario (NPS) and Clean Air Scenario (CAS) in 2050 can reduce ambient PM 2.5 concentrations below 2015 levels by 9% and 68%, respectively, offsetting 61,000 and 610,000 premature mortalities a year, which is 9% and 91% of the projected increase in premature mortalities due to population growth and aging. Throughout India, the CAS stands out as the most effective scenario to reduce ambient PM 2.5 concentrations and the associated disease burden, reducing the 2050 mortality rate per 100,000 below 2015 control levels by 15%. However, even under such stringent emission control policies, population growth and aging results in premature mortality estimates from exposure to particulate air pollution to increase by 7% compared to 2015, highlighting the challenge facing efforts to improve public health in India.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Stringent Emission Control Policies Can Provide Large Improvements in Air Quality and Public Health in India

Conibear

Butt

Knote³

et al. 2018

GeoHealth

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show abstract

“…[100][101][102] Compared to conventional porous air filters, nanofiber filters structured by electrospinning offer higher performance due to large surface-to-volume ratio, tailored pore size, and high permeability. To achieve efficient removal of PMs and toxic gases, the design of air filters with high selectivity and low cost has drawn considerable attention.…”

Section: Air Pollutant Filtrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrospinning of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Energy and Environmental Applications

2019

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organic linkers with a periodic, nanoscaled structure and ultrahigh surface areas. With their tunable pore/cage sizes, flexible skeleton, and large surface-to-volume ratio, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] MOFs have a large potential for a wide range of applications, including gas storage and separation, rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, nanoreactors, heterogeneous catalysis, or drug delivery. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Recently, significant efforts have been devoted to the design and synthesis of new MOFs structures and the investigation of their physical or chemical properties. MOFs are generally prepared as bulk form through traditional hydrothermal or solvothermal synthesis. [28][29][30][31] In order to expand the application range, suitable pathways for the structuring of MOF powders into a functional architecture or devices are highly desirable.Currently, intensive efforts are focusing on the structuring of MOFs at the mesoscopic/macroscopic scale for the use as coatings, membranes, or sophisticated architectures in specific devices and applications. [32][33][34][35] A major difference in the structuring of MOFs into complex shapes compared to inorganic microporous materials, such as zeolites or silica, is the fact that most inorganic binders cannot be used for MOFs as these binders usually require heat treatment. The intrinsic fragility of MOFs needs to be considered which is related to the inorganic/organic hybrid character of this class of materials and the resulting limited thermal and mechanical stability. Alternatively, a more effective way to structure MOFs is the combination with polymer materials. The polymer which acts as a binder improves the mechanical flexibility and ensures chemical stability. Numerous methods have been developed for structuring MOF-polymer compositions including hard or soft templates, spin-or dip-coating, spray-drying, printing, or lithography approaches. [36][37][38] The integration of MOFs into a polymer matrix can result in poor MOF-polymer dispersion and compatibility issues owing to the different physical and chemical properties for the two kinds of materials and this is a challenge in some applications, e.g., in MOF-based mixed matrix membranes for gas separation. [39][40][41][42] The poor interfacial compatibility would lead to agglomeration of MOF particles, causing the formation of nonselective voids between the MOFs particles and the polymer.Electrospinning is a fabrication method to produce continuous ultrafine fibers with diameters in the range of a few tens of nanometers to a few micrometers in the form of nonwoven mats, yarns, etc. The mechanism of electrospinning is based Herein, recent developments of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) structured into nanofibers by electrospinning are summarized, including the fabrication, post-treatment via pyrolysis, properties, and use of the resulting MOF nanofiber architectures. The fabrication and post-treatment of the MOF nanofiber architectures are described systematically by two routes: i) the dire...

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Spatiotemporal Prediction of $$PM_{2.5}$$ Concentrations Based on IoT Sensors

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Residential energy use emissions dominate health impacts from exposure to ambient particulate matter in India

Cited by 180 publications

References 60 publications

Stringent Emission Control Policies Can Provide Large Improvements in Air Quality and Public Health in India

Stringent Emission Control Policies Can Provide Large Improvements in Air Quality and Public Health in India

Electrospinning of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Energy and Environmental Applications

Spatiotemporal Prediction of $$PM_{2.5}$$ Concentrations Based on IoT Sensors

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