Residential air-conditioner usage in China and efficiency standardization

Wu, Jianghong; Liu, Chaopeng; Li, Hongqi; Ouyang, Dong; Jianhong, Cheng; Wang, Yuanxia; You, Shaofang

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.11.038

Cited by 48 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Besides that, the associated increase in heat gain resulting from population increase necessitates an increase in space cooling demand. This finding explains the recent high growth rate in domestic air conditioning purchases by 21% of last year sales [72,73]. Installation of new and efficient air conditioning units, evaporative coolers and adequate ventilation measures will improve indoor air quality and temperature [57].…”

Section: Hvacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Energy Retrofit Measures in Hot-Summer–Cold-Winter Climates: A Case Study in Shanghai

et al. 2019

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Building retrofit measures provide a significant means of mitigating the effect of climate change on buildings by enhancing building energy performance at a beneficial cost-effectiveness. An insight into the applicable building retrofit measures within a climate zone will guide the optimisation framework to attaining sustainability in architecture and the built environment. This article presents a brief overview of recent studies on retrofit measures and its application on a variety of buildings in hot-summer–cold-winter climates, with emphasis on Shanghai. Findings show that the major retrofit measures include improvement in the building envelope, heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) and lighting, supported by photovoltaic (PV) systems, accordingly. Furthermore, the study identifies key elements and plausible challenges for the evaluation of building retrofit measures in this region. In this regard, financial barriers and lack of standards and regulatory support are the main challenges identified. These insights provide a systematic approach to guide building researchers, practitioners and decision-makers in the design and development of existing and new retrofit measures for the future of rapidly growing cities with a broad climate variation scope.

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Section: Hvacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Energy Retrofit Measures in Hot-Summer–Cold-Winter Climates: A Case Study in Shanghai

et al. 2019

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“…The rebound effect was added to find a rise in energy consumption after the implementation of the energy efficiency standard in China [19]. Recently, more scientists have recognized that the occupants' behavior has a significant effect on the energy consumption of their air-conditioner, and that thermal conditions also affect an occupant's behavior by influencing their expectation of thermal comfort [20][21][22]. Fundamental studies on the RAC performance national standard have mainly focused on the effectiveness of measurements in the test procedure [23,24] and methods of lowering the uncertainty in theory [25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mathematical Tightening of Instantaneous Indoor and Outdoor Dry-Bulb and Wet-Bulb Temperature Tolerances

Zhang

Cai

2020

Energies

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To reduce the inaccuracy in energy efficiency evaluation, indoor and outdoor dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature (D&WBT) tolerances in the currently enacted Chinese room air conditioner (RAC) national standard were tightened into narrower intervals in this investigation. Characteristics of cooling capacity (CC) and energy efficiency ratio (EER) changing with D&WBTs were analyzed based on performance tests. AICc (corrected Akaike Information Criterion) was applied to determine the best fitted 3D curve equations of CC and EER to find the intervals of gradient extrema of CC and EER. The corresponding intervals of indoor and outdoor D&WBTs were concluded as the tightened D&WBT tolerances. For illustration, based on the performance tests of 154 working conditions, the instantaneous indoor and outdoor D&WBT tolerances in nominal refrigerating working conditions were respectively tightened from the original ±0.5/±0.3 • C into ±0.3/±0.2 • C (indoor tolerances) and ±0.4/±0.3 • C (outdoor tolerances). EER variation rate thus decreased from 2.11% to 1.03% (indoor) and 2.11% to 1.25% (outdoor).

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“…In addition, the performances and economic efficiencies of the air conditioners have been investigated. Wu et al [10] contributed to the variable air conditioner efficiency standard by monitoring the outdoor temperature distribution and operation time in China. Oropeza-Perez [11] analyzed the economic efficiencies based on several variables such as the set temperature of the air-conditioner in Mexico.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Study on Variable-Speed Air Conditioner under Hot Climate based on Real-Scale Experiment and Energy Simulation

Lim

Yoon

Al-Qahtani³

et al. 2019

Energies

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It is well known that inverter-driven variable-speed compressor (or inverter) air conditioners are more efficient than constant-speed compressor air conditioners. Therefore, most countries have employed part-load assessment test standards such as ISO 16358, EN 14825 and ASHRAE 116 in addition to the conventional ISO 5151 full-load test standard to appropriately evaluate the part-load efficiencies of variable-speed air conditioners. However, many countries in the Middle East and South America still use the ISO 5151 standard owing to policy or high- temperature environmental considerations. In this study, we experimentally verify the energy saving effect of the inverter air conditioner with respect to the constant-speed air conditioner under the Korean climate with distinct temperature changes of four seasons and under the hot climate of Saudi Arabia throughout the year. ISO 5151 defines test conditions for a single temperature, whereas ISO 16358, EN 14825 and ASHRAE 116 simulate seasonal efficiencies using interpolation of several climate test results. Herein, we directly employ the environmental changes during a day or season in a qualified test room with specific dimension. Using extensive regional and seasonal climate data for Saudi Arabia and South Korea, the changes in temperature conditions are applied directly to the outdoor side and appropriate building cooling load conditions are applied to the indoor side of the air-enthalpy-type test room. The energy savings of the inverter air conditioner were analyzed experimentally according to the spatial and temporal temperature changes. The energy reduction effects of the inverter air conditioner largely depended on the temperature and cooling load changes for a day or season. Furthermore, a feasibility study based on an energy simulation showed that the variable-speed air conditioner could be economical even in hot climates.

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Residential air-conditioner usage in China and efficiency standardization

Cited by 48 publications

References 26 publications

Building Energy Retrofit Measures in Hot-Summer–Cold-Winter Climates: A Case Study in Shanghai

Building Energy Retrofit Measures in Hot-Summer–Cold-Winter Climates: A Case Study in Shanghai

A Mathematical Tightening of Instantaneous Indoor and Outdoor Dry-Bulb and Wet-Bulb Temperature Tolerances

Feasibility Study on Variable-Speed Air Conditioner under Hot Climate based on Real-Scale Experiment and Energy Simulation

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