Residence Time Distribution Analysis of Drip-Irrigated Beds—The Effect of Material and Fluid Properties with Implications for Heap Leaching Practice

Abstract

The quantitative effect of particle shape, porosity, wettability, particle size, and solution viscosity on the residence time distribution (RTD) profiles of non-reactive, steady-state, drip-irrigated ore beds characteristic of heap leaching systems is presented. Results were obtained using step-up tracer tests and allowed for the analysis of preferential flow behaviour within the systems. The key findings were as follows. Increased particle sphericity enhanced channelling in beds of smaller particles, but not for larger particle sizes. Higher particle wettability caused greater liquid dispersion during both initial wetting studies and at steady-state fluid flux. Higher porosity levels and the inclusion of fines in mixed sized beds resulted in longer average solute residence times, higher liquid hold-up, longer solution and tracer breakthrough times, and increases in drain-down moisture percentages. Increasing the irrigation fluid’s viscosity, reflective of the increase in ionic concentrations in leach solutions, reduced both the solution and tracer breakthrough times and increased dispersion with signs of more discontinuous or isolated fluid volumes at steady-state. These results highlighted the importance of the inclusion of fines in agglomerated beds to improve uniform wetting especially those with low to moderate particle porosities (<2.5 m2/g specific surface area). The viscosity results suggest that there may be changes in preferential flow extent, due to variations in viscosity owing to the increasing sulphate concentration within the liquid phase in heaps and with time.

Residence Time Distribution: Literature Survey, Functions, Mathematical Modeling, and Case Study—Diagnosis for a Photochemical Reactor

“…The information revealed by statistical residence time analysis has found various applications in different fields. Few examples include: (i) fluids and particulate solids [24] flow and mix through various systems, from small laboratory scale [25] to large industrial applications [26,27], from human body [28] to geological studies [29]; (ii) equipment design-reactors (vessels) sizing [30], reaction yield predictions [31]; (iii) diagnosis and troubleshooting for existing systems [27]; and (iv) experimental validation of software modeling [32,33].…”