“…We would have preferred to use student home addresses, however the location of their lower secondary school is a highly effective proxy for a number of reasons. First, up until 2013, the allocation rules for students made it quite hard for parents to enroll their children in a lower secondary school situated outside their district of residence (see Gortázar et al, 2023, for the case of primary schools). Second, the choice of secondary school is made at least six years before entering tertiary level VET.…”