“…This work aims to address these questions within the context of Southeast Asia (SEA), an environment characterised by rich diversity in political, cultural, and economic conditions (Estella & Paz, 2019) and a rapidly expanding internet market (Google, Temasek, and Bain and Company, 2019, p. 9). SEA has 'emerging democracies' (Chua, 2013) as well as countries in 'democratic decline' (Powers, 2018, p. 307), high-income economies and low-to-middleincome economies, and partly free to tightly controlled media systems (Estella & Paz, 2019, p. 196). The conditions of SEA that are alien to the conditions of the 'West' or the 'Global North' create an interesting case study under the spirit of 'de-centering', to borrow Muhlmann's (2008) term, the discourses in journalism and communication studies.…”