Reservoirs and vectors of emerging viruses

Mackenzie, John S.; Jeggo, Martyn

doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2013.02.002

Cited by 51 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…There is broad evidence that primates and bats have a disproportionately high zoonotic disease risk potential for a broad suite of viruses and pathogens compared to other types of Ecology and Society 20(2): 42 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol20/iss2/art42/ animals (Olival and Daszak 2005, Gonzalez et al 2008, Mackenzie and Jeggo 2013, Brook and Dobson 2015. In Madagascar, we found many taboos that centered on lemurs, a type of primate, and bats ( Fig.…”

Section: Primates Bats and Zoonotic Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 89%

The human health and conservation relevance of food taboos in northeastern Madagascar

Golden¹,

Comaroff²

2015

E&S

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ABSTRACT. Anthropologists and ecologists investigating the dialectical relationship between human environments and the cultural practices that shape and are shaped by them have been talking past each other for too long: the one looking purely at metaphor and the other purely at function. Our mixed-method data analysis set out to explore whether it was possible to determine empirically the human health and conservation value of the local Malagasy taboo system. This involved qualitative examination of the content of taboo origin stories collected through ethnographic approaches, when the story was remembered. The ethnographic substance of these stories included historicizing events, accounts of symptoms associated with breaching taboos, and incentives for abiding by taboos. We then used quantitative comparisons in an effort to understand the motivation for adhering to taboos. We provide evidence that the conservation value of taboos may be limited but that the social value of taboos may be rooted in concerted attempts to preserve a physical, spiritual, moral, and cultural immunity. Furthermore, we found that there was a sophisticated traditional etiological knowledge, based in nuanced understandings of ecology and epidemiology, which likely protects local people from zoonotic disease, allergies, and toxins. We suggest that the prohibitions mandated by the traditional taboo system against consuming particular wildlife species is a moral framework, which is driven to a significant degree by personal security and health-related incentives.

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Section: Primates Bats and Zoonotic Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 89%

The human health and conservation relevance of food taboos in northeastern Madagascar

Golden¹,

Comaroff²

2015

E&S

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“…The vast majority of emerging infectious diseases are caused by viral zoonoses (6). Humans are constantly exposed to a plethora of genetically diverse animal viruses through direct contact with domestic and wild animal populations (coronaviruses, Ebola virus) and via vector intermediates such as arthropods (dengue virus, Zika virus) (7). Due to the presence of multiple biological and epidemiological transmission barriers, however, these exposure events infrequently lead to infection and disease (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Strange, Expanding World of Animal Hepaciviruses

2016

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Hepaciviruses and pegiviruses constitute two closely related sister genera of the family Flaviviridae. In the past five years, the known phylogenetic diversity of the hepacivirus genera has absolutely exploded. What was once an isolated infection in humans (and possibly other primates) has now expanded to include horses, rodents, bats, colobus monkeys, cows, and, most recently, catsharks, shedding new light on the genetic diversity and host range of hepaciviruses. Interestingly, despite the identification of these many animal and primate hepaciviruses, the equine hepaciviruses remain the closest genetic relatives of the human hepaciviruses, providing an intriguing clue to the zoonotic source of hepatitis C virus. This review summarizes the significance of these studies and discusses current thinking about the origin and evolution of the animal hepaciviruses as well as their potential usage as surrogate models for the study of hepatitis C virus.

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“…High biodiversity of the wild bird population can increase the risk of pathogen spill over to domesticated poultry. Additionally, bird migration also provides a facility to spread the pathogen or dispersing infected arthropod vectors at multiple geographic scales (Mackenzie and Jeggo, 2013). Understanding of virus diversity may be used for forecasting future transmission risks or eventual outbreaks of viral diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…intensive farming), growth in live animal market are some of the drivers responsible for the emergence of novel pathogens and zoonoses (Jones et al, 2013). Among the animal species, wild birds are well-known reservoirs of emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza (AI) and West Nile (WN) in humans (Mackenzie and Jeggo, 2013;Wang et al, 2014a). Besides the zoonotic agents, the emergence of new serotypes and genotypic variants of known avian viruses are recognized as potential agents responsible for new infectious diseases (Jackwood and Handel, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Next generation sequencing technologies: Tool to study avian virus diversity

Kapgate¹,

Barbuddhe²,

Kumanan³

2015

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Summary. -Increased globalisation, climatic changes and wildlife-livestock interface led to emergence of novel viral pathogens or zoonoses that have become serious concern to avian, animal and human health. High biodiversity and bird migration facilitate spread of the pathogen and provide reservoirs for emerging infectious diseases. Current classical diagnostic methods designed to be virus-specific or aim to be limited to group of viral agents, hinder identifying of novel viruses or viral variants. Recently developed approaches of next-generation sequencing (NGS) provide culture-independent methods that are useful for understanding viral diversity and discovery of novel virus, thereby enabling a better diagnosis and disease control. This review discusses the different possible steps of a NGS study utilizing sequence-independent amplification, high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics approaches to identify novel avian viruses and their diversity. NGS lead to the identification of a wide range of new viruses such as picobirnavirus, picornavirus, orthoreovirus and avian gamma coronavirus associated with fulminating disease in guinea fowl and is also used in describing viral diversity among avian species. The review also briefly discusses areas of viral-host interaction and disease associated causalities with newly identified avian viruses.

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Reservoirs and vectors of emerging viruses

Cited by 51 publications

References 135 publications

The human health and conservation relevance of food taboos in northeastern Madagascar

The human health and conservation relevance of food taboos in northeastern Madagascar

The Strange, Expanding World of Animal Hepaciviruses

Next generation sequencing technologies: Tool to study avian virus diversity

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