Resection of Osteoid Osteoma Using Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing

4D printing for biomedical applications

“…In the biomedical domain, 3D printing has established itself as a versatile technology with diverse applications including, but not limited to, regenerative medicine, [27][28][29] microneedle-based drug/vaccine patches, [30][31][32][33] flexible bioelectronics, [34][35][36] biohybrid actuators, [37][38][39] customized implants and prosthetics, [40][41][42][43] and specialized surgical tools. [44][45][46] 3D bioprinting has received widespread attention owing to its robust capabilities in recapitulating biomimetic tissue constructs for regenerative medicine, [47][48][49][50][51] as well as for developing organotypic models for toxicology, disease modeling, and drug discovery. [52][53][54][55] Nonetheless, questions persist regarding the requisite threshold of complexity necessary to faithfully emulate the functional characteristics of native tissues within engineered constructs.…”