Researching income and income distribution as determinants of health in Canada: gaps between theoretical knowledge, research practice, and policy implementation

Raphael, Dennis; MacDonald, Jennifer; Colman, Ronald; Labonté, Ronald; Hayward, Karen; Torgerson, Renee

doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2004.08.001

Cited by 38 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The analysis of social context in epidemiology is still a theoretical and methodological challenge, 14 particularly regarding the validity of empirical measures of dimensions and constructs. Additional qualitative studies were carried out as part of the parent study but the data were not available for this analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social contextual factors contributing to child and adolescent labor: an ecological analysis

Santana

Itaparica

2011

Rev. Saúde Pública

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OBJECTIVE:To examine the relationship between social contextual factors and child and adolescent labor. METHODS:Population-based cohort study carried out with 2,512 families living in 23 subareas of a large urban city in Brazil from 2000 to 2002. A random one-stage cluster sampling was used to select families. Data were obtained through individual household interviews using questionnaires. The annual cumulative incidence of child and adolescent labor was estimated for each district. New child and adolescent labor cases were those who had their fi rst job over the two-year follow-up. The annual cumulative incidence of child and adolescent labor was the response variable and predictors were contextual factors such as lack of social support, social deprivation, unstructured family, perceived violence, poor school quality, poor environment conditions, and poor public services. Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression were used to assess the associations. RESULTS:There were selected 943 families corresponding to 1,326 nonworking children and adolescents aged 8 to 17 years. Lack of social support, social deprivation, perceived violence were all positively and individually associated with the annual cumulative incidence of child and adolescent labor. In the multiple linear regression model, however, only lack of social support and perceived violence in the neighborhood were positively associated to child and adolescent labor. No effect was found for poor school quality, poor environment conditions, poor public services or unstructured family. CONCLUSIONS:Poverty reduction programs can reduce the contextual factors associated with child and adolescent labor. Violence reduction programs and strengthening social support at the community level may contribute to reduce CAL. Child and adolescent labor (CAL) is a worldwide problem that affects most developing countries, and it is widely recognized as associated with poverty. 2 Poverty is usually defi ned as a pattern of individual and family social disadvantages and rarely analyzed within contextual dimensions. Determinants of CAL are commonly studied under the framework of economy, 2 and the social context is analyzed using family-related variables such as number of children, birth order or family composition that are also used as proxy of economic dimensions. 2,9 In developing countries, CAL prevails in the informal economy, particularly in home-based and street vending small business run by families. 2 Therefore, the household and surrounding environment may play an important role in shaping social practices regarding initiation and maintenance of CAL. City subareas are RESUMO OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação entre as variáveis sociocontextuais e o trabalho de crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODOS:Estudo de coorte com 2.512 famílias residentes em 23 áreas urbanas de Salvador, BA, entre 2000 e 2002. A seleção das áreas e a identifi cação das famílias foram realizadas por amostragem por conglomerados. Entrevistas domiciliares foram realizadas com questionários in...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social contextual factors contributing to child and adolescent labor: an ecological analysis

Santana

Itaparica

2011

Rev. Saúde Pública

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“…The poor health of Americans in comparison to citizens of other countries seems mainly attributable to income, which is much more unequal in America than in other countries 3 (World Bank 2005). The relationship between income and health status is supported by several studies (Starfield 2000;Bach et al 2004;BLS 2004;CMS 2004;Lafferty 2004;Raphael et al 2005). Ross et al (2001) extended this relationship by incorporating segregation into their analysis.…”

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confidence: 96%

Why U.S. health care expenditure and ranking on health care indicators are so different from Canada’s

Spithoven¹

2008

Int J Health Care Finance Econ

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“…It is recognized that people within lower SES groups, on average, are less healthy than those within high SES groups (Stronks et al,1997). The interrelationships between employment, SES and health are complex and influenced by many other factors such as individual characteristics, neighborhood characteristics, or family structure (Raphael et al, 2004). Raphael et al (2004) stress the importance of longitudinal studies to adequately examine the different pathways between the various social determinants of health, such as employment and income, and their direct and indirect effects.…”

Section: Employment Unemployment and Underemploymentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interrelationships between employment, SES and health are complex and influenced by many other factors such as individual characteristics, neighborhood characteristics, or family structure (Raphael et al, 2004). Raphael et al (2004) stress the importance of longitudinal studies to adequately examine the different pathways between the various social determinants of health, such as employment and income, and their direct and indirect effects. Since one's advantages and/or disadvantages may accumulate or fluctuate across their life, Raphael et al (2004) believe that life-span research may be able to explain how issues such as employment or income distribution play across ones life-span.…”

Section: Employment Unemployment and Underemploymentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It would also be useful to use a case control methodology over several decades as this would enable the evaluation of the ability of those with chronic conditions to move up in careers and out of low incomes in comparison to their age mates. This process would better identify and evaluate the accumulations or fluctuations of a person's advantages or disadvantages over their life span as proposed by Raphael et al (2004).…”

Section: Implications F or Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The state of employment of young adults with and without chronic physical and mental conditions.

Archer¹

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Researching income and income distribution as determinants of health in Canada: gaps between theoretical knowledge, research practice, and policy implementation

Cited by 38 publications

References 28 publications

Social contextual factors contributing to child and adolescent labor: an ecological analysis

Social contextual factors contributing to child and adolescent labor: an ecological analysis

Why U.S. health care expenditure and ranking on health care indicators are so different from Canada’s

The state of employment of young adults with and without chronic physical and mental conditions.

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