Research update on aflatoxins toxicity, metabolism, distribution, and detection: A concise overview

Jacević, Vesna; Dumanović, J.; Alomar, Suliman Yousef; Rеsаnоvić, Rаdmilа; Milovanović, Zoran; Nepovimová, Eugenie; Wu, Qinghua; França, Tanos C. C.; Wu, Weijie; Kuča, Kamil

doi:10.1016/j.tox.2023.153549

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 236 publications

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“…The liver plays a dual role in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), serving as both a target for its toxic effects and a crucial organ for its detoxification in humans and animals [1,140]. Variations in the metabolism of AFB1 among species and organs are attributed to differences in the expression and content of metabolic enzymes [141]. Dohnal et al provide a comprehensive review of these differences.…”

Section: Metabolic Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AFB1 undergoes four major pathways of metabolism, including hydroxylation, ketoreduction, O-dealkylation, and epoxidation [142]. Broadly, four major pathways have been identified in the metabolism of AFB1, including hydroxylation, ketoreduction, O-dealkylation, and epoxidation [141]. Approximately 95% of AFB1 undergoes transformation into highly toxic AFBO and AFM1, as well as other less toxic forms (e.g., AFP1, AFK1, or AFB2a), by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes (such as CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1A5, CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP3A37, and CYP3A4) in the liver tissues [141,[143][144][145][146].…”

Section: Metabolic Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Broadly, four major pathways have been identified in the metabolism of AFB1, including hydroxylation, ketoreduction, O-dealkylation, and epoxidation [141]. Approximately 95% of AFB1 undergoes transformation into highly toxic AFBO and AFM1, as well as other less toxic forms (e.g., AFP1, AFK1, or AFB2a), by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes (such as CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1A5, CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP3A37, and CYP3A4) in the liver tissues [141,[143][144][145][146]. Notably, AFBO is considered the primary toxic metabolite of AFB1 due to its direct interaction with DNA, leading to multiple toxic effects within cells [147].…”

Section: Metabolic Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, AFBO is considered the primary toxic metabolite of AFB1 due to its direct interaction with DNA, leading to multiple toxic effects within cells [147]. AFBO can be detoxified through conjugation with glutathione (GSH) or through hydrolysis by epoxide hydrolase enzymes, to produce the highly cytotoxic AFB1-8,9-dihydro diol (AFB1-dhd) [141].…”

Section: Metabolic Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lycopene as a Therapeutic Agent against Aflatoxin B1-Related Toxicity: Mechanistic Insights and Future Directions

Li,

Tang,

Peng

et al. 2024

Antioxidants

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Aflatoxin (AFT) contamination poses a significant global public health and safety concern, prompting widespread apprehension. Of the various AFTs, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) stands out for its pronounced toxicity and its association with a spectrum of chronic ailments, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Lycopene, a lipid-soluble natural carotenoid, has emerged as a potential mitigator of the deleterious effects induced by AFB1 exposure, spanning cardiac injury, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, intestinal damage, and reproductive impairment. This protective mechanism operates by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid peroxidation, and activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, facilitating the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, the endogenous antioxidant system, and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1) pathways, as well as regulating the activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. This review provides an overview of the protective effects of lycopene against AFB1 exposure-induced toxicity and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, it explores the safety profile and potential clinical applications of lycopene. The present review underscores lycopene’s potential as a promising detoxification agent against AFB1 exposure, with the intent to stimulate further research and practical utilization in this domain.

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Section: Metabolic Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metabolic Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metabolic Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metabolic Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Lycopene as a Therapeutic Agent against Aflatoxin B1-Related Toxicity: Mechanistic Insights and Future Directions

Li,

Tang,

Peng

et al. 2024

Antioxidants

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Furthermore, it is challenging to determine the appropriate sampling time, as the levels in the analyzed biological matrix depend on the time elapsed since the last ingestion of contaminated feed and on the kinetics of the compounds [102], or the optimal site for sample extraction, because levels can vary among them [103]. Also, identifying good biomarkers is crucial because differences in metabolism have been observed for OTA [104], FBs [105], AFs [106], and CIT [107] due to the age of the animal. Age-related toxicokinetic differences were observed in pigs, leading to greater internal exposure to toxins in juveniles due to immaturity in metabolic activity or organ development and a higher feed intake/weight ratio.…”

Section: Internal Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Mycotoxin Exposure in Food-Producing Animals (Cattle, Pig, Poultry, and Sheep)

Muñoz-Solano,

Lizarraga Pérez,

González-Peñas

2024

Toxins

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Food-producing animals are exposed to mycotoxins through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact with contaminated materials. This exposure can lead to serious consequences for animal health, affects the cost and quality of livestock production, and can even impact human health through foods of animal origin. Therefore, controlling mycotoxin exposure in animals is of utmost importance. A systematic literature search was conducted in this study to retrieve the results of monitoring exposure to mycotoxins in food-producing animals over the last five years (2019–2023), considering both external exposure (analysis of feed) and internal exposure (analysis of biomarkers in biological matrices). The most commonly used analytical technique for both approaches is LC-MS/MS due to its capability for multidetection. Several mycotoxins, especially those that are regulated (ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, fumonisins, T-2, and HT-2), along with some emerging mycotoxins (sterigmatocystin, nivalenol, beauvericin, enniantins among others), were studied in 13,818 feed samples worldwide and were typically detected at low levels, although they occasionally exceeded regulatory levels. The occurrence of multiple exposure is widespread. Regarding animal biomonitoring, the primary objective of the studies retrieved was to study mycotoxin metabolism after toxin administration. Some compounds have been suggested as biomarkers of exposure in the plasma, urine, and feces of animal species such as pigs and poultry. However, further research is required, including many other mycotoxins and animal species, such as cattle and sheep.

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The mitigative role of novel aflatoxin‐degrading enzymes in diverse broiler performance indicators and gut microbiota following the consumption of diets contaminated with aflatoxins

Jia,

Tian,

Yang

et al. 2024

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUNDThis study aims to explore both the toxic effects of aflatoxins (AFs) and the protective effects of degrading enzymes (DE) on broilers exposed to AFs.RESULTSThe findings reveal that a diet contaminated with 69.15 μg kg−1 of aflatoxin B1 had significant adverse effects on broilers. Specifically, it led to a reduction in average daily gain, dressed yield percentage, half‐eviscerated yield with giblet yield percentage, eviscerated yield percentage, as well as serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activity and liver SOD activity (P < 0.05). Conversely, the diet increased the feed conversion ratio, liver index, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels and malondialdehyde levels in both serum and liver (P < 0.05). Additionally, AFs disrupted the intestinal microflora significantly (P < 0.05), altering the relative abundance of Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia in broiler jejunum. The addition of DE to AF‐contaminated feed mitigated these negative effects and reduced the residues of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2 and aflatoxin M1 in the liver and duodenum (P < 0.05). We also observed that broilers fed the diet pelleted at 80 °C exhibited improved dressing percentage and water holding capacity compared to those on the 75 °C diet.CONCLUSIONIn summary, DE serves as an effective feed additive for mitigating AF contamination in poultry production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Research update on aflatoxins toxicity, metabolism, distribution, and detection: A concise overview

Cited by 15 publications

References 236 publications

Lycopene as a Therapeutic Agent against Aflatoxin B1-Related Toxicity: Mechanistic Insights and Future Directions

Lycopene as a Therapeutic Agent against Aflatoxin B1-Related Toxicity: Mechanistic Insights and Future Directions

Monitoring Mycotoxin Exposure in Food-Producing Animals (Cattle, Pig, Poultry, and Sheep)

The mitigative role of novel aflatoxin‐degrading enzymes in diverse broiler performance indicators and gut microbiota following the consumption of diets contaminated with aflatoxins

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