“…The goal is to identify items where there is a misalignment between participant interpretation and the developer's intentions and to identify ways to modify those items based on participant response. Widely used by national public agencies such as the U.S. Census Bureau (Hughes, 2004;Jabine, Straf, Tanur, & Tourangeau, 1984) to improve large-scale surveys or evaluations (Peterson, Hall, & Buser, 2016), only recently have these techniques begun to appear in the scale development literature (e.g., Castillo-Diaz & Padilla, 2013;Dietrich & Ehrlenspiel, 2010;Dumas et al, 2008;Woolley, Bowen, & Bowen, 2006). In this article, we describe how to conduct CI with particular attention to those elements that most inform the development of measures.…”