Research Progress on Transorgan Regulation of the Cardiovascular and Motor System through Cardiogenic Exosomes

Abstract

The heart is the core organ of the circulatory system. Through the blood circulation system, it has close contact with all tissues and cells in the body. An exosome is an extracellular vesicle enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer. A variety of heart tissue cells can secrete and release exosomes, which transfer RNAs, lipids, proteins, and other biomolecules to adjacent or remote cells, mediate intercellular communication, and regulate the physiological and pathological activities of target cells. Cardiogenic exosomes play an important role in regulating almost all pathological and physiological processes of the heart. In addition, they can also reach distant tissues and organs through the peripheral circulation, exerting profound influence on their functional status. In this paper, the composition and function of cardiogenic exosomes, the factors affecting cardiogenic exosomes and their roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology are discussed, and the close relationship between cardiovascular system and motor system is innovatively explored from the perspective of exosomes. This study provides a reference for the development and application of exosomes in regenerative medicine and sports health, and also provides a new idea for revealing the close relationship between the heart and other organ systems.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell‑derived exosomes: A novel therapeutic agent for tendon‑bone healing (Review)

“…clinical trials for safety and efficacy should be accelerated and performed as soon as possible. Additionally, the extraction and purification of EXOs needs to improved, as factors such as high cost, complex technology, low yield and the ease of destruction limit their broad clinical applications (128). The future of EXOs in biomedical engineering is an area that requires further investigation.…”

IntiCom-DB: A Manually Curated Database of Inter-Tissue Communication Molecules and Their Communication Routes

“…Exosomes are 50–100 nm extracellular vesicles (EVs) surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer, which are released from multivesicular bodies (MVBs) via exocytosis [ 29 ]. They can deliver large amounts of biomacromolecules and prevent their cargos from being degraded and inactivated by enzymes in peripheral circulation [ 4 , 30 ]. Indeed, exosomes have been shown to play important roles in ITC by transferring proteins, lipids, RNAs, and other biomolecules to adjacent or to remote cells and tissues [ 25 , 30 , 31 ].…”

“…They can deliver large amounts of biomacromolecules and prevent their cargos from being degraded and inactivated by enzymes in peripheral circulation [ 4 , 30 ]. Indeed, exosomes have been shown to play important roles in ITC by transferring proteins, lipids, RNAs, and other biomolecules to adjacent or to remote cells and tissues [ 25 , 30 , 31 ]. For example, BAT-derived miR-99b can be delivered by exosomes to the liver to repress the expression of hepatic FGF21 [ 18 ], and the exosomes produced by cardiac adipose-derived stem cells contain BDNF, IGF-1, NGF, and GDNF, which can stimulate the proliferation of Schwan cells and promote axonal growth [ 32 ].…”

“…Compared to the functional importance of ITC in physiological conditions, many diseases, especially metabolic diseases, are extensively regulated by ITC signals [ 4 , 25 , 33 ]. Briefly, ITC is closely related to the pathological mechanisms of complex diseases, including but not limited to cancers [ 34 , 35 , 36 ], obesity [ 37 , 38 , 39 ], diabetes [ 40 , 41 ], and cardiovascular disease [ 30 , 42 ]. Nevertheless, exploration and functional investigations of ITC molecules often require costly and time-consuming experiments, since multiple tissues are involved in.…”

Regulation of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Immune Responses against Antigen-Specific Presentation

“…Exosomes are endosomal membrane-derived vesicles, approximately 50–150 nm in size, formed during endocytosis and secreted by almost all types of cells, and are present in large numbers in body fluids such as blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, tears, and saliva. Their main constituents are lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNA (mRNA), and DNA derived from secretory cells transferred to other cells [ 12 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ,…”