Research Progress on Repositioning Drugs and Specific Therapeutic Drugs for SARS-CoV-2

Fan, Shiyong; Xiao, Dian; Wang, Yanming; Liu, Lianqi; Zhou, Xinbo; Zhong, Wu

doi:10.4155/fmc-2020-0158

Cited by 28 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Although, the importance of antibodies against different viral proteins are still a matter of great concern, and antibodies cross-reactivity against other extremely widespread α- and β-coronavirus, while it is observed that antibody cross-reactivity was found mainly within the β-coronaviridae [ 31 ], predominantly between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV that showed 90% homology in their amino acid sequence of S1 protein [ 29 ]. At present, few antiviral or immunomodulator agents are available, which include primarily repurposed drugs selected based on their antiviral, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, or immunomodulatory activities against MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Ebola viruses [ 32 ]. Since the appearance of COVID-19, several drugs, including antivirals (remdesivir, lopinavir, ritonavir, interferon-β, ribavirin), and immunomodulators (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, tocilizumab, and ivermectin) have emerged as promising alternatives on an empirical basis with a pharmacological rationale [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Echinacea be a potential candidate to target immunity, inflammation, and infection - The trinity of coronavirus disease 2019

Meeran¹,

Javed²,

Sharma³

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing public health emergency. The pathogenesis and complications advanced with infection mainly involve immune-inflammatory cascade. Therefore, the therapeutic strategy relies on immune modulation, reducing infectivity and inflammation. Given the interplay of infection and immune-inflammatory axis, the natural products received attention for preventive and therapeutic usage in COVID-19 due to their potent antiviral and anti-immunomodulatory activities. Recently, Echinacea preparations, particularly E. purpurea, have been suggested to be an important antiviral agent to be useful in COVID-19 by modulating virus entry, internalization and replication. In principle, the immune response and the resultant inflammatory process are important for the elimination of the infection, but may have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and may play a role in the clinical spectrum of COVID-19. Considering the pharmacological effects, therapeutic potential, and molecular mechanisms of Echinacea , we hypothesize that it could be a reasonably possible candidate for targeting infection, immunity, and inflammation in COVID-19 with recent recognition of cannabinoid-2 (CB2) receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) mediated mechanisms of bioactive components that make them notable immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antiviral agent. The plausible reason for our hypothesis is that the presence of numerous bioactive agents in different parts of plants that may synergistically exert polypharmacological actions in regulating immune-inflammatory axis in COVID-19. Our proposition is to scientifically contemplate the therapeutic perspective and prospect of Echinacea on infection, immunity, and inflammation with a potential in COVID-19 to limit the severity and progression of the disease. Based on the clinical usage for respiratory infections, and relative safety in humans, further studies for the evidence-based approach to COVID-19 are needed. We do hope that Echinacea could be a candidate agent for immunomodulation in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Echinacea be a potential candidate to target immunity, inflammation, and infection - The trinity of coronavirus disease 2019

Meeran¹,

Javed²,

Sharma³

et al. 2021

Heliyon

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…On March, 2020, Jeon et al 52 reported that the replication of SARS-CoV-2 could be prevented by hexachlorophene. As indicated by Liu et al 53 inhibits the replication process at SARS-CoV-2 in Calu-3 lung cells of human by 4-5µM of EC50 56 . Structural knowledge from these relevant proteins could be critical in furthering our understanding SARS-CoV-2 and in discovering as well as developing specific drugs against SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Protease Inhibitors (3clpro)mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…It is nevertheless effective against a number of pathogenic viruses, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in vitro and in vivo models 61 . This enzyme was of considerable concern after a treatment of the first COVID-19 and a further regeneration in the U.S 56 . A number of worldwide trials for the efficacy of COVID-19 are currently under way 59 .…”

Section: Ongoing Clinical Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repurposable Drug Candidates are Potential Therapeutic Target against Global SARS-CoV-2 Crisis

Rahman

Mina

Das

et al. 2020

J. Drug Delivery Ther.

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This review provides a pharmacological approach to combat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on two comprehensive denominations which could be specifically intended for viral replication process by either inhibiting essential genomic viral enzymes or preventing viral entry to human cells. These denominations focused on immune therapies either to improve innate antiviral immune responses or to reduce impairment triggered by underactive inflammatory reactions. A variety of drug candidates are available which can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication, comprising serine protease inhibitors: Transmembrane Orotease/Serine Subfamily member 2 (TMPRSS2), camostat mesylate, nafamostat mesylate, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. This review is also concerned with identifying drugs and ongoing clinical trials with their mechanisms of action against SARS-CoV-2. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, monoclonal antibody, off-label antiviral drugs, nucleotide analog remdesivir and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs also could be used as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), dexamethasone, and antiviral phytochemicals that are currently reachable, can prevent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic morbidity and mortality. Keywords: COVID-19; Antiviral drugs; NSAIDs; ACE2; Clinical trials

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“…(75). This enzyme, due to its importance in viral replication and also to the fact that humans are devoid of it, is a very attractive target (76,77). Moreoever due to the availability of its structure with cofactors Nsp7 and Nsp8 (PDB: 6M71) and remdesivir (PDB: 7BV2) the structure based design is feasible.…”

Section: Molecules Docking To Sars-cov2 Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of drugs targeting multiple viral and human proteins using computational analysis for repurposing against COVID-19

Kumar

Kumari

Agnihotri

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The SARS-CoV2 is a highly contagious pathogen that causes COVID-19 disease. It has affected millions of people globally with an average lethality of ~3%. Unfortunately, there is no standard cure for the disease, although some drugs are under clinical trial. Thus, there is an urgent need of drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. In the current studies, we have used state of the art bioinformatics techniques to screen the FDA approved drugs against nine SARS-CoV2 proteins to identify drugs for quick repurposing. The strategy was to identify potential drugs that can target multiple viral proteins simultaneously. Additionally, we analyzed if the identified molecules can also affect the human proteins whose expression is differentially modulated during SARS-CoV2 infection. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as a result of SARS-CoV2 infection were identified using NCBI-GEO data (GEO-ID: GSE-147507). Targeting such genes may also be a beneficial strategy to curb disease manifestation. We have identified 74 molecules that can bind to various SARS-CoV2 and human host proteins. Their possible use in COVID-19 have also been reviewed in detail. We hope that this study will help development of multipotent drugs, simultaneously targeting the viral and host proteins, for the treatment of COVID-19.

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Research Progress on Repositioning Drugs and Specific Therapeutic Drugs for SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 28 publications

References 53 publications

Can Echinacea be a potential candidate to target immunity, inflammation, and infection - The trinity of coronavirus disease 2019

Can Echinacea be a potential candidate to target immunity, inflammation, and infection - The trinity of coronavirus disease 2019

Repurposable Drug Candidates are Potential Therapeutic Target against Global SARS-CoV-2 Crisis

Identification of drugs targeting multiple viral and human proteins using computational analysis for repurposing against COVID-19

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