Research progress on naturally-occurring and semi-synthetic ocotillol-type ginsenosides in the genus Panax L. (Araliaceae)

Niu, Xueni; Luo, Wen; Lv, Chongning; Lu, Jincai

doi:10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60089-4

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Then, β-amyrin is modified by P450s and UGTs to form OAtype ginsenosides. 26 In the final step of ginsenoside biosynthesis, UGTs play a crucial role in enriching the structures of ginsenosides through various modification sites and sugar units as well as through different levels of glycosylation modification (Figure 2). The glycosylation reactions catalyzed by UGTs can also improve the stability and physicochemical and physiological properties of ginsenosides.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a separate branch, 2,3-oxidosqualene can be synthesized into β-amyrin by β-amyrin synthase (β-AS). Then, β-amyrin is modified by P450s and UGTs to form OA-type ginsenosides . In the final step of ginsenoside biosynthesis, UGTs play a crucial role in enriching the structures of ginsenosides through various modification sites and sugar units as well as through different levels of glycosylation modification (Figure ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in Identification of UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis

Yuan,

Li,

et al. 2024

J. Nat. Prod.

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Ginsenosides, the primary pharmacologically active constituents of the Panax genus, have demonstrated a variety of medicinal properties, including anticardiovascular disease, cytotoxic, antiaging, and antidiabetes effects. However, the low concentration of ginsenosides in plants and the challenges associated with their extraction impede the advancement and application of ginsenosides. Heterologous biosynthesis represents a promising strategy for the targeted production of these natural active compounds. As representative triterpenoids, the biosynthetic pathway of the aglycone skeletons of ginsenosides has been successfully decoded. While the sugar moiety is vital for the structural diversity and pharmacological activity of ginsenosides, the mining of uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis has attracted a lot of attention and made great progress in recent years. In this paper, we summarize the identification and functional study of UGTs responsible for ginsenoside synthesis in both plants, such as Panax ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The UGT-related microbial cell factories for large-scale ginsenoside production are also mentioned. Additionally, we delve into strategies for UGT mining, particularly potential rapid screening or identification methods, providing insights and prospects. This review provides insights into the study of other unknown glycosyltransferases as candidate genetic elements for the heterologous biosynthesis of rare ginsenosides.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Identification of UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis

Yuan,

Li,

et al. 2024

J. Nat. Prod.

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“…All PPD and PPT type ginsenosides have different R groups including glucose ( Table 2 ). In the case of an ocotillol type, it is derived from PPT, which has a tetrahydrofuran ring as a side chain [ 44 ]. The other type, of oleanolic acid (OA), has an oleanane skeleton as an aglycone of triterpenoid saponins [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng as Key Modulators of NF-κB Signaling Are Powerful Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Agents

Jang

Hwang

Cho

2023

IJMS

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Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways progress inflammation and immune cell differentiation in the host immune response; however, the uncontrollable stimulation of NF-κB signaling is responsible for several inflammatory illnesses regardless of whether the conditions are acute or chronic. Innate immune cells, such as macrophages, microglia, and Kupffer cells, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, via the activation of NF-κB subunits, which may lead to the damage of normal cells, including neurons, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and alveolar cells. This results in the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders, cardiac infarction, or liver injury, which may eventually lead to systemic inflammation or cancer. Recently, ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, a historical herbal plant used in East Asia, have been used as possible options for curing inflammatory diseases. All of the ginsenosides tested target different steps of the NF-κB signaling pathway, ameliorating the symptoms of severe illnesses. Moreover, ginsenosides inhibit the NF-κB-mediated activation of cancer metastasis and immune resistance, significantly attenuating the expression of MMPs, Snail, Slug, TWIST1, and PD-L1. This review introduces current studies on the therapeutic efficacy of ginsenosides in alleviating NF-κB responses and emphasizes the critical role of ginsenosides in severe inflammatory diseases as well as cancers.

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“…Epoxydammarane-based triterpene glycosides possess important pharmaceutical properties . Among them, the (20 R )-ginsenosides exhibit greater potency than their (20 S )-epimers with respect to antitumor, − osteoclastogenesis inhibitory, and antioxidative activities. , In nature, triterpenes with an epoxydammarane skeleton are predominantly found in Panax species and the Cucurbitaceae plant Neoalsomitra integrifoliola …”

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confidence: 99%

“…1 Among them, the (20R)-ginsenosides exhibit greater potency than their (20S)epimers with respect to antitumor, 2−4 osteoclastogenesis inhibitory, 5 and antioxidative activities. 6,7 In nature, triterpenes with an epoxydammarane skeleton are predominantly found in Panax species 8 and the Cucurbitaceae plant Neoalsomitra integrifoliola. 9 N. integrifoliola, a traditional Chinese herb widely distributed in southern China and Southeast Asia, is rich in cucurbitane-type, dammarane-type, and epoxydammarane triterpenes and glycosides, particularly in its rhizome (comprising over 3% of its composition).…”

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confidence: 99%

Promiscuous Oxidosqualene Cyclases from Neoalsomitra integrifoliola Catalyzing the Formation of Tetracyclic, Pentacyclic, and Heterocyclic Triterpenes

Li,

Huang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Org. Lett.

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Six oxidosqualene cyclases (NiOSC1−NiOSC6) from Neoalsomitra integrifoliola were characterized for the biosynthesis of diverse triterpene scaffolds, including tetracyclic and pentacyclic triterpenes from the 2,3-oxidosqualene (1) and oxacyclic triterpenes from the 2,3:22,23-dioxidosqualene (2). NiOSC1 showed high efficiency in the production of naturally rare (20R)-epimers of oxacyclic triterpenes. Mutagenesis results revealed that the NiOSC1-F731G mutant significantly increased the yields of (20R)-epimers compared to the wild type. Homology modeling and molecular docking elucidated the origin of the (20R)-configuration in the epoxide addition step.

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Research progress on naturally-occurring and semi-synthetic ocotillol-type ginsenosides in the genus Panax L. (Araliaceae)

Cited by 7 publications

References 51 publications

Progress in Identification of UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis

Progress in Identification of UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis

Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng as Key Modulators of NF-κB Signaling Are Powerful Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Agents

Promiscuous Oxidosqualene Cyclases from Neoalsomitra integrifoliola Catalyzing the Formation of Tetracyclic, Pentacyclic, and Heterocyclic Triterpenes

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