Research progress on indoor environment of mushroom factory

Abstract

Mushroom factory is an emerging production mode that is relied on facility and equipment by creating a suitable, steady, and uniform growing environment to accommodate the demand of edible fungus at each stage of growth. Therefore, an optimal range of key environmental factors (temperature, humidity, light, and CO 2 concentrations) in mushroom facilities is crucial to achieving satisfactory production rates. This research aimed to provide an overview of recent progress on indoor environmental studies of mushroom cultivation facilities from three perspectives, 1) the development of environmental monitoring and controlling systems; 2) the application of computer modelling in addressing indoor environmental issues; 3) the refinement of mushroom facility design, including structure and ventilation scheme. With the aid of cutting-edge technologies, accomplishments have been made in developing smart farming systems that facilitate real-time recording of environmental parameters and automatic regulation of equipment, which helps the establishment of growth models for specific mushroom species. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling has been adopted by researchers to investigate indoor airflow patterns and assess the distribution of critical environmental parameters. Studies have been conducted to modify the design of mushroom facilities to improve the performance in structural stability, ventilation efficiency, and internal environmental condition. However, some existing problems still need further investigations, such as the lack of design guidelines, energy-saving strategies, and Artificial Intelligent (AI) quality control. Therefore, this overview was expected to provide constructive insights for future studies in addition to references of previous studies.

An Integrated IoT Sensor-Camera System toward Leveraging Edge Computing for Smart Greenhouse Mushroom Cultivation

“…However, the major limitation came from the high sensitivity of mushrooms to the surrounding environment, since extreme weather conditions can immediately damage mushroom health. Therefore, the most important task of indoor mushroom cultivation relies on the timely and continuous control of the key environmental parameters' ideal conditions at every mushroom growing stage [36]. Previous studies listed a wide range of those key parameters [13], but the two most important ones that are worth regarding are air temperature and humidity, while several studies further considered light intensity or carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels.…”

“…IoT environmental sensor [39] shiitake temperature, humidity, CO 2 [40] oyster temperature, humidity, light [13] oyster temperature, humidity, light [36] gourmet * temperature, humidity, CO 2, light [41] oyster temperature, humidity Camera and AI computer vision [42] enoki RGB image [43] white button RGB image [44] gourmet RGB image [45] oyster RGB image [8] gourmet RGB image Integrated IoT environmental sensor-camera [46] white button temperature, humidity, RGB image [47] white button temperature, humidity, CO 2 , RGB image [28] gourmet temperature, humidity, soil moisture, soil temperature, light, RGB image [48] gourmet temperature, humidity, RGB image [49] oyster temperature, humidity, light, soil moisture, RGB image * gourmet mushrooms include all edible mushrooms such as oyster, shiitake, enoki, or white button mushrooms.…”

Spent substrate from mushroom cultivation: exploitation potential toward various applications and value-added products

“…substrates for mushroom cultivation, is crucial for the sustainability of agricultural production. Therefore, besides leading to the generation of food, mushroom cultivation is an example of holistic exploitation of residual lignocellulosic biomass through an efficient continuous-flow process carried out indoors, requiring remarkably lower land areas than most other crops [ 10 ]. Furthermore, unlike conventional agriculture, which is season-dependent, mushroom production can be performed throughout the year independently of climatic conditions.…”