Research progress on design strategies, synthesis and performance of LiMn₂O₄-based cathodes

Abstract

Spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO)-based composites, due to their combination of low toxicity, abundant natural resources, and excellent electrochemical performance, are regarded as promising candidate cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. Current energy storage demands are not being met with existing materials, however, because of their defects, such as fast capacity fading, low rate capability, and low specific capacity in practical applications. Manganese dissolution during electrochemical processes bears the major responsibility for capacity loss, apart from the electrolyte factor. Low electrical conductivity, low ionic diffusion efficiency, and large structural variation have adverse effects on the electrochemical performance of materials. With respect to these drawbacks, significant progress has been made recently on optimizing the performance of LMO-based cathode materials. In this work, we review recent progress in 1 structural design, designing composites with graphene/carbon nanotubes, crystalline doping, and coatings for improving the electrochemical performance of these cathode materials. Spinel LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO)-based composites, due to their combination of low toxicity, abundant natural resources, and excellent electrochemical performance, are regarded as promising candidate cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. Current energy storage demands are not being met with existing materials, however, because of their defects, such as fast capacity fading, low rate capability, and low specific capacity in practical applications. Manganese dissolution during electrochemical processes bears the major responsibility for capacity loss, apart from the electrolyte factor. Low electrical conductivity, low ionic diffusion efficiency, and large structural variation have adverse effects on the electrochemical performance of materials. With respect to these drawbacks, significant progress has been made recently on optimizing the performance of LMO-based cathode materials. In this work, we review recent progress in 1 structural design, designing composites with graphene/carbon nanotubes, crystalline doping, and coatings for improving the electrochemical performance of these cathode materials.

First-Principles Modeling of Mn(II) Migration above and Dissolution from LixMn2O4 (001) Surfaces

“…26,29,44,45 Since there is no empirical evidence that Mn(II) diffuse through the inorganic SEI components like Li 2 CO 3 , 46,47 the carbonate layer would have to crack or be oxidatively destroyed during charging for Mn to dissolve. 48,49 Along these lines, atomic layer deposition (ALD) [15][16][17][50][51][52][53] and other surface protection coatings 54 have been applied to reduce Mn loss. One way to further improve ALD-coated electrode is to make them resistant to reactions with the liquid electrolyte.…”

Alginic acid-derived mesoporous carbon (Starbon®) as template and reducing agent for the hydrothermal synthesis of mesoporous LiMn2O4 grafted with carbonaceous species

“…Spinel LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO) has been considered as one of the most promising positive electrode materials in Li ion batteries for high power applications such as electric vehicles or portable electronic devices, owing to its low cost, low toxicity and to the high abundance of manganese. [1][2][3][4][5][6] However, practical implementation of LMO technology is hampered by a low rate capability and fading of its capacity during cycling, mainly due to the dissolution of manganese in the electrolyte [7][8][9] and to the phase transition from the cubic spinel to a tetragonal crystal structure caused by Jahn-Teller distortion. 10,11 Over the years, many efforts have been made to address these problems, including doping, [12][13][14] carbon coating, 15,16 and nanostructuring of LMO.…”

Electrospun MoO2@NC nanofibers with excellent Li+/Na+ storage for dual applications

“…MoO 2 , as a layered transition-metal oxide, has obtained intensive attention due to its good electrical conductivity and high theoretical capacity [7][8][9][10]. However, MoO 2 suffers from mechanical degradation owing to large volume variations during the ion insertion and extraction processes.…”

“…As one of effective energy devices, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in portable electronics, and are being applied in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), owing to their excellent characteristics of high-energy density and long cycling life [1][2][3]. More recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have also attracted great attention as potential energy storage applications because of the low cost, abundant reserves and better safety of sodium [4][5][6].…”