Research Progress on Current-Carrying Friction with High Stability and Excellent Tribological Behavior

Abstract

Current-carrying friction affects electrical contact systems like switches, motors, and slip rings, which determines their performance and lifespan. Researchers have found that current-carrying friction is influenced by various factors, including material type, contact form, and operating environment. This article first reviews commonly used materials, such as graphite, copper, silver, gold, and their composites. Then different contact forms like reciprocating, rotational, sliding, rolling, vibration, and their composite contact form are also summarized. Finally, their environmental conditions are also analyzed, such as air, vacuum, and humidity, on frictional force and contact resistance. Additionally, through experimental testing and theoretical analysis, it is found that factors such as arcing, thermal effects, material properties, contact pressure, and lubrication significantly influence current-carrying friction. The key mechanisms of current-carrying friction are revealed under different current conditions, including no current, low current, and high current, thereby highlighting the roles of frictional force, material migration, and electroerosion. The findings suggest that material selection, surface treatment, and lubrication techniques are effective in enhancing current-carrying friction performance. Future research should focus on developing new materials, intelligent lubrication systems, stronger adaptability in extreme environments, and low friction at the microscale. Moreover, exploring stability and durability in extreme environments and further refining theoretical models are essential to providing a scientific basis for designing efficient and long-lasting current-carrying friction systems.