Research Progress on Ancient Bronze Corrosion in Different Environments and Using Different Conservation Techniques: A Review

Abstract

Ancient Chinese bronzes are precious cultural relics. Their surfaces are often severely damaged by dynamic changes in the external environment, both before and after they are unearthed. Therefore, scientific research has been required to preserve these treasures. In recent years, along with the development of modern science and technology, innovative instrumental analytical techniques have become indispensable tools to study corrosion phenomena as well as to evaluate post-excavation conservation techniques. In this paper, we present an overview of bronze corrosion processes in various environments, including analysis of the types of corrosion, mechanisms of formation and factors that influence bronze corrosion products. In addition, we compare the characteristics of corrosion products that have formed on archaeological sites, in tombs, and in museums. Lastly, we introduce some novel techniques for bronze protection, and we propose the focus for future research. Our expectation is that this review will provide a scientific basis for bronze preservation.

Relevance of Ancient Chinese Wine Ware Representation Design and Cultural Characteristics Based on Machine Learning and Semiotic Theory

“…The development of modern society is also the same, wine is still used in various occasions to make friends and do things. In ancient China, the drinking vessel produced by the liquor culture was the wine bowl, but since the emergence of distilled spirits, the volume of the drinking vessel became smaller as the wine became higher and eventually formed the current wine cup [17]. Therefore, liquor culture is dominated by drinking vessels made of ceramic, glass, plastic, and metal.…”

Effect of Alloying Additives and Moulding Technology on Microstructure, Tightness, and Mechanical Properties of CuSn10 Bronze

“…These alloys have found applications in automotive, electronics, and maritime industries, among others [13][14][15][16]. Thanks to their aesthetic appeal and corrosion resistance, tin bronzes are also used for creating sculptures, artistic works [17][18][19][20], and architectural elements.…”

The Corrosion Properties of Bronze Alloys in NaCl Solutions

“…Prior to excavation, bronze artifacts unavoidably react with salts present in water or soil, causing oxidation–reduction reactions, hydrolysis reactions, and precipitation reactions between the bronze matrix and its corrosion products. Over a long period under earth, both the matrix and the surface of ancient bronzes undergo different degrees of corrosion [ 3 ].…”