Research Progress of Tongue Image Segmentation through Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning

A survey of artificial intelligence in tongue image for disease diagnosis and syndrome differentiation

“…So the automatic process of the tongue image has many differences from other medical images, and the machine needs to utilize and handle 12 different characteristics or volatile tongue appearance, as shown in Figure 3 , which pose a greater challenge than other medical image and result in a later modernization. 22 Just like tongue image segmentation, the performance has not been ideal for a long time, let alone the automation diagnosis based on tongue image. Until a wide range using the deep learning method and different kinds of CNN framework, we have witnessed the challenge being alleviated rapidly through this review.…”

“…However, the symptoms on the tongue are very difficult to automatically identify or quantify, which has become a core challenge in SD. In recent years, many studies in this area have paid much attention to using deep learning methods to automatically classify or identify tongue symptoms, like tooth-marked tongue, 11 , 15 , 103 – 105 , 110 , 111 tongue coating, 10 , 16 , 31 , 42 , 112 , 113 coating color, 66 , 113 , 114 tongue color, 22 , 113 , 115 cracked tongue, 9 , 110 , 111 , 116 , 117 sublingual vein, 10 and fungiform papillae on tongue. 118 …”

“…This paper intended to report the progress of methods or technologies used to promote the automation and objectification of tongue diagnosis. Many related reviews have also been published, 21 – 25 but none have provided a global perspective. Reference 21 , 24 mainly focused on reporting the pathological meaning aspect, 22 , 23 focused on feature engineering, 25 and depicted the history of tongue diagnosis in China.…”

“…Many related reviews have also been published, 21 – 25 but none have provided a global perspective. Reference 21 , 24 mainly focused on reporting the pathological meaning aspect, 22 , 23 focused on feature engineering, 25 and depicted the history of tongue diagnosis in China. This paper focuses on the tongue image intelligence analysis methods used for calibration, segmentation, and classification of symptoms, syndrome types, and diseases and will review the related studies included in the Web of Science and IEEE mainly published in the last 5 years.…”