Research Progress of Olfactory Nerve Regeneration Mechanism and Olfactory Training

Hu, Bing; Zhang, J; Gong, M; Deng, Yong-Qiang; Cao, Yong; Xiang, Y; D, Ye

doi:10.2147/tcrm.s354695

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…Although olfaction in humans is less appreciated than other senses, it affects our lives all the time ( 23 ). Because the olfactory nerve is the cranial nerve exposed to the external environment, it is vulnerable to tumor compression and inflammatory stimulation, resulting in reduced olfactory function ( 24 ). Olfactory nerve injury cannot be recovered if there is a prolonged attack of the lesion and the degree of damage is relatively severe ( 25 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new biomarker combining multimodal MRI radiomics and clinical indicators for differentiating inverted papilloma from nasal polyp invaded the olfactory nerve possibly

Yuan

Han

2023

Front. Neurol.

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Background and purposeInverted papilloma (IP) and nasal polyp (NP), as two benign lesions, are difficult to distinguish on MRI imaging and clinically, especially in predicting whether the olfactory nerve is damaged, which is an important aspect of treatment and prognosis. We plan to establish a new biomarker to distinguish IP and NP that may invade the olfactory nerve, and to analyze its diagnostic efficacy.Materials and methodsA total of 74 cases of IP and 55 cases of NP were collected. A total of 80% of 129 patients were used as the training set (59 IP and 44 NP); the remaining were used as the testing set. As a multimodal study (two MRI sequences and clinical indicators), preoperative MR images including T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2-WI) and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (CE-T1WI) were collected. Radiomic features were extracted from MR images. Then, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression method was used to decrease the high degree of redundancy and irrelevance. Subsequently, the radiomics model is constructed by the rad scoring formula. The area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the model have been calculated. Finally, the decision curve analysis (DCA) is used to evaluate the clinical practicability of the model.ResultsThere were significant differences in age, nasal bleeding, and hyposmia between the two lesions (p < 0.05). In total, 1,906 radiomic features were extracted from T2-WI and CE-T1WI images. After feature selection, using 12 key features to bulid model. AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy on the testing cohort of the optimal model were, respectively, 0.9121, 0.828, 0.9091, and 0.899. AUC on the testing cohort of the optimal model was 0.9121; in addition, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were, respectively, 0.828, 0.9091, and 0.899.ConclusionA new biomarker combining multimodal MRI radiomics and clinical indicators can effectively distinguish between IP and NP that may invade the olfactory nerve, which can provide a valuable decision basis for individualized treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new biomarker combining multimodal MRI radiomics and clinical indicators for differentiating inverted papilloma from nasal polyp invaded the olfactory nerve possibly

Yuan

Han

2023

Front. Neurol.

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“…Only Altundag et al reported the effectiveness of a modified OT protocol on COVID-19 patients with parosmia but this profile of patients differed from ours (hyposmia–anosmia patients). From a pathophysiological standpoint, the repeated short-term exposure to odors may increase both the growth of olfactory receptor neurons and the expression of olfactory receptor in the olfactory cleft mucosa [ 9 , 19 ]. The positive influence of OT may also involve olfactory bulb and brain changes [ 9 , 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of olfactory training in COVID-19 patients with olfactory dysfunction: a prospective study

Lechien

Vaira

Saussez

2022

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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Objectives To investigate effectiveness of olfactory training (OT) in COVID-19 patients with persistent olfactory dysfunction (OD). Methods From March 2020 to March 2022, COVID-19 patients with OD were prospectively followed in three European medical centers for a period of 18 months. A standardized OT protocol were recommended to patients. Patient-reported outcome questionnaires and psychophysical evaluations were used to evaluate olfaction at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months after the start of OT. The evolution of olfactory outcome was compared according to the adherence to the OT protocol. Results Fifty-seven patients completed the evaluations. Thirty-two patients fully adhered to the OT, while 25 did not adhere. The psychophysical scores significantly improved from baseline to 6-month post-infection in both groups. In the OT group, the psychophysical scores continued to significantly improve from 6 to 12 months after the start of OT ( p = 0.032). The mean duration of OT was 15.4 weeks. The mean delay of patient recovery perception was comparable between groups (27.4 weeks). The occurrence of cacosmia (35.1%) and parosmia (43.9%) throughout the follow-up period was comparable between groups. There proportion of phantosmia was higher in training (34.4%) compared with no-OT (16.0%; p = 0.007) group. The baseline Sniffin’Sticks tests was positively associated with the 6-month Sniffin’Sticks tests ( r s = 0.685; p < 0.001) and negatively associated with the time of recovery ( r s = − 0.369; p = 0.034). Conclusions The adherence to an OT protocol was associated with better mid-term improvement of psychophysical scores. Future large-cohort randomized-controlled studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of OT in COVID-19 patients.

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“…Albers [9] also pointed out that the common causes of OD were upper respiratory tract infections, head trauma, and nasal inflammatory diseases. Moreover, the nasal olfactory mucosa contains olfactory nerves, which are the main sites of primary olfactory smell and easily harmed [10]. Thus, nasal diseases have been recognized to substantially affect the olfaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy of Nasogenic Olfactory Dysfunction

Li¹,

Feng²,

Chen³

et al. 2023

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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Since the global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a symptom of the onset of SARS-CoV-2, olfactory dysfunction (OD), has attracted tremendous attention. OD is not only a negative factor for quality of life but also an independent hazard and early biomarker for various diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. Therefore, early identification and treatment of OD in patients are critical. Many etiological factors are responsible for OD based on current opinions. Sniffin’Sticks are recommended to identify the initial position (central or peripheral) for OD when treating patients clinically. It is worth emphasizing that the olfactory region in nasal cavity is recognized as the primary and critical olfactory receptor. Many nasal diseases, such as those with traumatic, obstructive and inflammatory causes, can lead to OD. The key question is no refined diagnosis or treatment strategy for nasogenic OD currently. This study summarizes the differences in medical history, symptoms, auxiliary examination, treatment and prognosis of different types of nasogenic OD by analyzing the current studies. We propose using olfactory training after 4–6 weeks of initial treatment for nasogenic OD patients with no significant improvement in olfaction. We hope that our research can provide valuable clinical guidance by systematically summarizing the clinical characteristics of nasogenic OD.

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Research Progress of Olfactory Nerve Regeneration Mechanism and Olfactory Training

Cited by 13 publications

References 87 publications

A new biomarker combining multimodal MRI radiomics and clinical indicators for differentiating inverted papilloma from nasal polyp invaded the olfactory nerve possibly

A new biomarker combining multimodal MRI radiomics and clinical indicators for differentiating inverted papilloma from nasal polyp invaded the olfactory nerve possibly

Effectiveness of olfactory training in COVID-19 patients with olfactory dysfunction: a prospective study

Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy of Nasogenic Olfactory Dysfunction

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