“…MNs can effectively penetrate the skin, increase drug distribution to deeper tumor sites, and minimize leakage of therapeutic drugs to adjacent tissues, thus improving the therapeutic effect of cutaneous epidermal tumors [ 120 ]. On the other hand, MNs with tissue repair function can simultaneously promote skin wound healing after tumor eradication [ 121 ].…”
“…MNs can effectively penetrate the skin, increase drug distribution to deeper tumor sites, and minimize leakage of therapeutic drugs to adjacent tissues, thus improving the therapeutic effect of cutaneous epidermal tumors [ 120 ]. On the other hand, MNs with tissue repair function can simultaneously promote skin wound healing after tumor eradication [ 121 ].…”
“…In addition, recent publications report an innovative new technique that could revolutionize immunotherapy and chemotherapy for melanoma. This technique is based on the use of microneedles, and their application for melanoma treatment was reviewed by Li and colleagues [ 152 ].…”
Cancer of the skin is by far the most common of all cancers. Although the incidence of melanoma is relatively low among skin cancers, it can account for a high number of skin cancer deaths. Since the start of deeper insight into the mechanisms of melanoma tumorigenesis and their strong interaction with the immune system, the development of new therapeutical strategies has been continuously rising. The high number of melanoma cell mutations provides a diverse set of antigens that the immune system can recognize and use to distinguish tumor cells from normal cells. Peptide-based synthetic anti-tumor vaccines are based on tumor antigens that elicit an immune response due to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although targeting APCs with peptide antigens is the most important assumption for vaccine development, peptide antigens alone are poorly immunogenic. The immunogenicity of peptide antigens can be improved not only by synthetic modifications but also by the assistance of adjuvants and/or delivery systems. The current review summarizes the different chemical approaches for the development of effective peptide-based vaccines for the immunotherapeutic treatment of advanced melanoma.
“…The length of the microneedle can be controlled to easily puncture the cuticle of the skin without touching the dermis and subcutaneous tissues with pain nerves, and the drug can be released without pain [ 18 ], thus achieving high drug availability. In addition, microneedles can be easily removed and provide better drug slow-release function, further reducing patients’ dependence on drugs [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. At the same time, microneedles, as drug carriers, are extremely helpful for releasing macromolecular medications [ 22 , 23 ].…”
Microneedles are a patient-friendly technique for delivering drugs to the site of action in place of traditional oral and injectable administration. Silk fibroin represents an interesting polymeric biomaterial because of its mechanical properties, thermal stability, biocompatibility and possibility of control via genetic engineering. This review focuses on the critical research progress of silk fibroin microneedles since their inception, analyzes in detail the structure and properties of silk fibroin, the types of silk fibroin microneedles, drug delivery applications and clinical trials, and summarizes the future development trend in this field. It also proposes the future research direction of silk fibroin microneedles, including increasing drug loading doses and enriching drug loading types as well as exploring silk fibroin microneedles with stimulation-responsive drug release functions. The safety and effectiveness of silk fibroin microneedles should be further verified in clinical trials at different stages.
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