Research progress of CTC, ctDNA, and EVs in cancer liquid biopsy

Abstract

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and extracellular vehicles (EVs) have received significant attention in recent times as emerging biomarkers and subjects of transformational studies. The three main branches of liquid biopsy have evolved from the three primary tumor liquid biopsy detection targets—CTC, ctDNA, and EVs—each with distinct benefits. CTCs are derived from circulating cancer cells from the original tumor or metastases and may display global features of the tumor. ctDNA has been extensively analyzed and has been used to aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of neoplastic diseases. EVs contain tumor-derived material such as DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, sugar structures, and metabolites. The three provide different detection contents but have strong complementarity to a certain extent. Even though they have already been employed in several clinical trials, the clinical utility of three biomarkers is still being studied, with promising initial findings. This review thoroughly overviews established and emerging technologies for the isolation, characterization, and content detection of CTC, ctDNA, and EVs. Also discussed were the most recent developments in the study of potential liquid biopsy biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and prognosis prediction. These included CTC, ctDNA, and EVs. Finally, the potential and challenges of employing liquid biopsy based on CTC, ctDNA, and EVs for precision medicine were evaluated.

Tripterygium drug-loaded liposome alleviates renal function by promoting vascularization and inhibiting fibrosis

“…After tracking the expression of CD31, we found that rTor-LIP promoted renal angiogenesis in AKI animals, and it also reduced the degree of apoptosis in renal functional cells as found by the TUNNEL assay. It is well known that fibrosis can lead to organ structural damage and dysfunction, even failure, which threatens human health and life ( Liu et al, 2022 ; Wang et al, 2024 ). Fibrosis is mainly characterized by the increase of fibrous connective tissue in organ tissues ( Rane et al, 2019 ; Bai and Liu, 2021 ; Li et al, 2022 ).…”