Research Progress of Bonding Agents and Their Performance Evaluation Methods

Gan, Junyan; Zhang, Xue; Zhang, Wei; Hang, Rui; Xie, Wuxi; Liu, Yunfei; Luo, Wen; Chen, Yu

doi:10.3390/molecules27020340

Cited by 8 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Polyurethane is a non-energetic binder with low combustion energy. Therefore, it needs to be used as little as possible in propellant formulations [ 9 , 10 ]. As layer thickness is linear to the polyurethane concentration, the polyurethane layer should be as thin as possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hexogen Coating Kinetics with Polyurethane-Based Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Using Infrared Spectroscopy

et al. 2022

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The kinetics of hexogen coating with polyurethane-based hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) using infrared spectrometry was investigated. The kinetics model was evaluated through reaction steps: (1) hydroxyl and isocyanate to produce urethane, (2) urethane and isocyanate to produce allophanate, and (3) nitro and isocyanate to produce diazene oxide and carbon dioxide. HTPB, ethyl acetate, TDI (toluene diisocyanate), and hexogen were mixed for 60 min at 40 °C. The sample was withdrawn and analyzed with infrared spectroscopy every ten minutes at reference wavelengths of 2270 (the specific absorption for isocyanate groups) and 1768 cm−1 (the specific absorption for N=N groups). The solvent was vaporized; then, the coated hexogen was cured in the oven for 7 days at 60 °C. The effect of temperature on the coating kinetics was studied by adjusting the reaction temperature at 40, 50, and 60 °C. This procedure was repeated with IPDI (isophorone diisocyanate) as a curing agent. The reaction rate constant, k3, was calculated from an independent graphic based on increasing diazene oxide concentration every ten minutes. The reaction rate constants, k1 and k2, were numerically calculated using the Newton–Raphson and Runge–Kutta methods based on decreasing isocyanate concentrations. The activation energy of those steps was 1178, 1021, and 912 kJ mole−1. The reaction rate of hexogen coating with IPDI was slightly faster than with TDI.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hexogen Coating Kinetics with Polyurethane-Based Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Using Infrared Spectroscopy

et al. 2022

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“…Bonding agents for ammonium perchlorate (AP) based composite propellant are vinyl-ether bonding agents, amine-bonding agents, and aziridine-bonding agents [10]. The di-and tri-functional aziridinyl phosphine oxide (MAPO) was synthesized to enhance the oxidizer-binder interaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aziridine type bonding agents for composite solid rocket propellant

Eissa

Maraden²,

Tarek³

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Bonding agents, as a paramount component in the composite solid rocket propellant, effectively enhance the interactions between polybutadiene matrix and oxidizer. It mainly affects the processing ability, mechanical behavior, and aging. Bonding agent plays the role of an anonymous soldier to defeat stresses produced by loading conditions, changes in the environmental condition, and transportation of composite propellant. The role and the mechanism of aziridine type bonding agents are discussed focusing on a novel MST aziridine bonding agent (Tris-(2-methyl-1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (MAPO) plus Stearic acid plus Tartaric acid) (poly (isopropylamine N(2-methyl-1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide octadecanoic)-co-(isopropylamine tartrate)). Preparation of composite solid propellant samples containing the same weight percentage of different bonding agents is conducted. Mechanical properties and aging behavior for the prepared samples were monitored to extract the impact of bonding agent type. Mechanical properties of the bonding agents were recorded at three different temperatures in order to simulate various environmental conditions. Results of stress-strain responses during uniaxial tensile tests showed that MST bonding agent has the strongest interaction with solid particles reaches a value of 50.4 % strain and 8.052 Kg/cm2 stress at normal conditions. Compared to MT-4 (produced from the reaction of 2 moles MAPO plus 0.7-mole Adipic acid and 0.3-mole Tartaric acid) and MAPO, MST improved the aging behavior.

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“…BA are relatively low molecular weight compounds characterized by the presence of two or more functional groups reactive with the curing agents (3). Perhaps, the most recent, updated and comprehensive review on BA is that of Gan et al (6). Several classes of BA are presented and discussed in (6), including novel types of bonding agents and evaluation methods regarding the effectiveness of each BA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perhaps, the most recent, updated and comprehensive review on BA is that of Gan et al (6). Several classes of BA are presented and discussed in (6), including novel types of bonding agents and evaluation methods regarding the effectiveness of each BA. One key parameter considered in the evaluation of the effectiveness of a bonding agent regards the tensile strength and the elongation at break of the SRP (1,6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several classes of BA are presented and discussed in (6), including novel types of bonding agents and evaluation methods regarding the effectiveness of each BA. One key parameter considered in the evaluation of the effectiveness of a bonding agent regards the tensile strength and the elongation at break of the SRP (1,6). Additionally, other methods rely on surface tension evaluation (1,6), differential scanning calorimetry (7) and accelerated ageing of the CSRP (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of Reichardt’s Solvent Polarity Scale [E<sub>T</sub>(30)] in the Selection of Bonding Agents for Composite Solid Rocket Propellants

Cataldo¹

2022

Preprint

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Bonding agents (BA) are key compounding ingredients for the correct formulation of composite solid rocket propellants (CSRP). In particular, the addition of BA is essential to achieve suitable mechanical properties of CSRP in terms of adequate tensile strength and elongation at break. It is shown that the polarity of each conventional BA as well as new potential BA can be measured through the Reichardt’s ET(30) polarity scale. Using this criteria it was possible to find a substitute for MAPO (tris-(methylaziridinyl)-phosphine oxide), a conventional BA with the drawback of high toxicity and high reactivity, with TTPT (tris-(pyrrolidine)-phosphine oxide), a completely safe and effective BA. In this work, many other potential BA were evaluated through the Reichardt’s ET(30) polarity scale but only a selection of the potential BA were effectively tested in a standard CSRP. Particular interesting was the evaluation of TTPT vs MAPO showing the ability of the former BA to match the mechanical properties of the latter BA.

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Research Progress of Bonding Agents and Their Performance Evaluation Methods

Cited by 8 publications

References 82 publications

Hexogen Coating Kinetics with Polyurethane-Based Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Hexogen Coating Kinetics with Polyurethane-Based Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Aziridine type bonding agents for composite solid rocket propellant

Application of Reichardt’s Solvent Polarity Scale [E<sub>T</sub>(30)] in the Selection of Bonding Agents for Composite Solid Rocket Propellants

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