Research Progress in the Application of Exosomes in Immunotherapy

Abstract

Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are present in all body fluids tested. They are secreted by a variety of cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and tumor cells. Exosomes secreted by different cells have different biological components and functional characteristics and play an important role in many pathophysiological activities. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes can regulate the occurrence and development of inflammatory immune diseases and tumors by transmitting their unique proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids as signaling molecules to other cells. Exosomes serve as a novel class of diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery systems with promising applications in immunotherapy, particularly because breakthroughs in nanotechnology have led to the development and exploration of engineered exosomes for immunotargeted therapies. Therefore, here we review the progress being made on the application of exosomes in immunotherapy and its multiple regulatory mechanisms and explore the potential application of exosomes in immunotherapy in the future.

Milk: A Natural Guardian for the Gut Barrier

“…They have been implicated in inhibiting melanin production, 45 offering therapeutic strategies in hyperpigmentation disorders, preventing tumorigenesis, 46 and modulating immune functions, as evidenced by their ability to regulate immune responses. 47 TGF-β Family. TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine, and there are three different subtypes (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3), which show similar functional characteristics.…”

“…Recent studies have shed light on the multifaceted roles of milk-derived exosomes. They have been implicated in inhibiting melanin production, offering therapeutic strategies in hyperpigmentation disorders, preventing tumorigenesis, and modulating immune functions, as evidenced by their ability to regulate immune responses …”

Global trend in exosome isolation and application: an update concept in management of diseases

“…Low immunogenicity and the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier make them an ideal method for drug delivery [ 76 ]. Recent advances in nanomedicine led to the development of engineered exosomes, which demonstrated the potential of exosomes for targeted drug delivery [ 77 ]. Diabetes mellitus (DM) can be regulated by exosomes miRNAs, which are known to be key regulators of insulin resistance and pancreatic b-cell damage concerning the development of DM.…”

Application of exosomes as nanocarriers in cancer therapy

“…By influencing the function of immune cells, exosomes could modulate anti-tumor immunity. 161 Exosomes, as an effective delivery platform, expanded the potential of combination therapy. 162…”