Research progress in external field intensification of forward osmosis process for water treatment: A critical review

A systematic review of efficient recycling for the cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries: process intensification technologies beyond traditional methods

“…As LIB recovery technologies develop and advance, an increasing number of technology developers combine pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy to increase efficiency and productivity during the recovery process. 21,46 The processes of hydrometal-lurgy and pyrometallurgy for spent LIBs are depicted in Fig. 2 (a and c), and the process flow for the pyro-hydrometallurgy combined technology is shown in Fig.…”

Electrospray Fabrication of Ultrathin Chlorine-Resistant Polyamide Brackish Water Desalination Membrane with Protonated Montmorillonite Nanoplates

“…These are crucial factors that influence the inherent permeability and water/ion permselectivity of the membrane. − Previous research has unequivocally established that the selection of cosolvents and fabrication techniques are critical strategies for effectively managing the thickness of PA film and the size of the nanopores. − In a seminal study, Choi et al (2015) successfully prepared a PA membrane via molecular layer-by-layer assembly utilizing polyelectrolytes, which resulted in a remarkable 98.2% NaCl rejection and 23.0 L m –2 h –1 water flux . Further research in this domain is focused on enhancing water permeance by reducing the thickness to the nanoscale and introducing nanovoids into the sublayers using techniques such as electrospray, nanofoaming, and nanobubbling. ,− Of these, spray-assisted fabrication has been shown to provide tunable thickness and pore size while ensuring high dispersibility of nanofillers. − Nevertheless, the degradation of the PA layer due to chlorination remains the primary factor inhibiting the widespread adoption of this membrane technology in heavily polluted environments, where chlorine cleaning is a necessity. , …”

“…17 of this membrane technology in heavily polluted environments, where chlorine cleaning is a necessity. 20,21 Chemical cleaning of reversible membrane fouling can paradoxically cause physical and chemical damage to the polymer membrane, impairing the desalination efficiency. The PA active layer's vulnerability to free chlorine attack increases with lower cross-link density, leading to hydrophobicity.…”

Synthesis and characterization of PES/PSF/PEG by immersion precipitation for Mediterranean seawater desalination by FO membrane

“…Water shortage is one of the most universal dangers to the creatures on earth. [ 1,2 ] So, several studies have been conducted to develop innovative methods for seawater desalination, wastewater treatment, and recovery using low energy and reasonable costs. [ 3,4 ]…”

“…Water shortage is one of the most universal dangers to the creatures on earth. [1,2] So, several studies have been conducted to develop innovative methods for seawater desalination, wastewater treatment, and recovery using low energy and reasonable costs. [3,4] Membrane technology is considered one of the most promising technologies in several industrial operations, including the food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology sectors, as well as for seawater and brackish desalination.…”