Research progress in artificial upwelling and its potential environmental effects

Pan, Yiwen; Fan, Wei; Zhang, DaHai; Chen, JiaWang; Huang, Haocai; Liu, Shuxia; Jiang, Zhiping; Di, Yanan; Tong, Mengmeng; Chen, Ying

doi:10.1007/s11430-015-5195-2

Cited by 48 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 39 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…An alternative way of heat stress mitigation is artificial upwelling (AU), which brings cooler deep water into warm shallow reef waters, thereby reducing SST. So far, this geoengineering technology has mainly been considered for fertilizing purposes, where nutrient-rich deep water (deeper than 100 m) is introduced into nutrient-poor surface waters to increase primary production (Williamson et al, 2009;Fan et al, 2015;Pan et al, 2016). The increase in primary production via AU aims to increase the yield of fisheries (Kirke, 2003;Viúdez et al, 2016), or to increase carbon sequestration, which reduces CO 2 in the ocean and atmosphere (Lovelock and Rapley, 2007;Pan et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete Pulses of Cooler Deep Water Can Decelerate Coral Bleaching During Thermal Stress: Implications for Artificial Upwelling During Heat Stress Events

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete Pulses of Cooler Deep Water Can Decelerate Coral Bleaching During Thermal Stress: Implications for Artificial Upwelling During Heat Stress Events

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The different schemes that have been proposed to reduce the temperature of water above the corals can be broadly grouped [ 7 ] into those that reduce solar radiation over a large area through shading or cloud brightening [ 9 ], and those that cool the water directly through processes such as enhanced vertical mixing [ 10 ]. This paper investigates cool-water injection delivered to the site of corals through pipes, similar to that trialed by the Climate Foundation near Tutuila Airport, American Samoa [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimising cool-water injections to reduce thermal stress on coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Coral bleaching driven by ocean warming is one of the most visible ecological impacts of climate change and perhaps the greatest threat to the persistence of reefs in the coming decades. In the absence of returning atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations to those compatible with ocean temperatures below the mass coral bleaching temperature thresholds, the most straightforward means to reduce thermal-stress induced bleaching is to cool water at the seabed. The feasibility of reducing the seabed temperature through cool-water injections is considered first by analysing the feasibility of doing so on 19 reefs with differing physical environments using a simple residence time metric in 200 m resolution hydrodynamic model configurations. We then concentrate on the reefs around Lizard Island, the most promising candidate of the 19 locations, and develop a 40 m hydrodynamic model to investigate the effect of the injection of cool water at differing volumetric rates. Injecting 27˚C seawater at a rate of 5 m 3 s −1 at 4 sites in early 2017 cooled 97 ha of the reef by 0.15˚C or more. The power required to pump 5 m 3 s −1 through a set of pipes over a distance of 3 km from a nearby channel is *466 kW. This power applied at 4 sites for 3 months achieves a 2 Degree Heating Weeks (DHWs) reduction on 97 ha of reef. A more precise energy costing will require further expert engineering design of the pumping equipment and energy sources. Even for the most physically favourable reefs, cool-water transported through pipes and injected at a reef site is energy expensive and cannot be scaled up to any meaningful fraction of the 3,100 reefs of the GBR. Should priority be given to reducing thermal stress on one or a few high value reefs, this paper provides a framework to identify the most promising sites.

show abstract

“…The oligotrophic phenomenon in the water body of seaweed aquiculture will be alleviated by using artificial upwelling [24]. However, for the objective of enhancing the seaweed productivity in a large offshore aquaculture area, it is necessary to increase the amount of upwelling and achieve self-supplied energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Management and Operational Planning of an Ecological Engineering for Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Mariculture Environments in China

et al. 2019

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

China is now accelerating the development of an ecological engineering for carbon sequestration in coastal mariculture environments to cope with climate change. Artificial upwelling as the ecological engineering can mix surface water with bottom water and bring rich nutrients to the euphotic zone, enhance seaweed growth in the oligotrophic sea area, and then increase coastal carbon sequestration. However, one of the major obstacles of the artificial upwelling is the high energy consumption. This study focused on the development of energy management technology for air-lift artificial upwelling by optimizing air injection rate. The fundamental principle underlying this technology is that the mode and intensity of air injection are adjusted from the feedback of information on velocity variation in tidal currents, illumination, and temperature of the surface layer. A series of equations to control air injection was derived based on seaweed growth and solar power generation. Although this finding was originally developed for the air-lift artificial upwelling, it also can be used in other areas of engineering, such as water delivery, aeration, and oxygenation. The simulations show that using a variable air injection rate can lift more nitrogen nutrients of 28.2 mol than using a fixed air injection rate of 26.6 mol, mostly with the same energy cost. Using this control algorithm, the changed temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles prove the effective upwelling in the experiments and the average weights of kelp are 33.1 g in the experimental group and 10.1 g in the control group. The ecological engineering was successfully increasing crop yield for carbon sequestration in coastal mariculture environments.

show abstract

Research progress in artificial upwelling and its potential environmental effects

Cited by 48 publications

References 39 publications

Discrete Pulses of Cooler Deep Water Can Decelerate Coral Bleaching During Thermal Stress: Implications for Artificial Upwelling During Heat Stress Events

Discrete Pulses of Cooler Deep Water Can Decelerate Coral Bleaching During Thermal Stress: Implications for Artificial Upwelling During Heat Stress Events

Optimising cool-water injections to reduce thermal stress on coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef

Energy Management and Operational Planning of an Ecological Engineering for Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Mariculture Environments in China

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About