Research Progress and Modification Measures of Anode and Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) work similarly to lithium‐ion batteries, but they cost less and are safer. However, the battery has some shortcomings, such as low energy density and poor stability, which hinder its development and application. The development of electrode materials with low cost and high‐performance characteristics is a hot and difficult point in the research of SIBs. In this paper, the existing sodium ion cathode and anode materials are systematically reviewed. Firstly, the electrochemical structures and properties of various cathode and anode materials were introduced, and the limitations of cathode and anode materials of SIBs were analyzed. Based this, the current modification methods were summarized, such as surface coating of materials, doping of heteroatoms and metal elements to improve the electrochemical performance. In this paper, the research progress and modification measures of SIBs are summarized and prospected. It is helpful to further improve its comprehensive performance and lay a foundation for the future application of cathode and anode materials for SIBs.

Improved K-Ion Diffusion Kinetics of Cobalt-Substituted P3-type K0.67MnO2 Electrodes for K-Ion Batteries

“…Hence, it is mandatory to extrapolate the established lithium-ion battery technology for over a decade to cater to the needs and implementation for a better future. Alternative technologies, including sodium-, potassium-, zinc-, and magnesium-ion batteries, are being explored to support the demands in overcoming the scarcity of lithium.…”

Review and Recent Advances in Metal Compounds as Potential High-Performance Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries

“…Based on these reasonable considerations, SIBs have been seen as one of the most ideal post-LIB systems for grid-scale ESS applications. Nevertheless, in order to implement SIBs into large-scale applications, there remain several factors that need to be addressed regarding energy density and fast charging capabilities [10][11][12]. With respect to lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 , LFP) batteries, a promising competitive system pursuing a participant opportunity in grid-scale battery markets, SIBs need to be further developed to take advantage not only in terms of manufacturing costs but also battery performances.…”

“…Even though the working principles of LIBs and SIBs are similar to a "rocking-chair" mechanism, the greater ionic size and molar weight of Na + compared to Li + lead to the inferior specific capacity of Na (1165 mAh g −1 vs. 3829 mAh g −1 for Li), coupled with slower diffusion kinetics and structural instabilities [13]. Those fundamental differences cause the lower working voltage, specific capacity, and cyclability of SIBs compared to those of LIBs and, thus, high-performance electrode materials are highly required in SIBs [6,11,13,14].…”

Limited Domain SnSb@N-PC Composite Material as a High-Performance Anode for Sodium Ion Batteries

“…However, the poor reaction kinetics of alloy materials, huge volume changes, and irreversible structural deterioration in the process of sodium intercalation and desalination lead to pulverization of materials and rapid attenuation of specific capacity, which limit the application of alloy materials [40,41]. In order to solve these problems, a great deal of work including micro/nano-scale structure design, introduction of buffer matrix materials, preparation of multi-metallic compounds, and so on have been devoted to improving properties of alloy materials [42][43][44]. But up to now, the performance of alloy-based hosts is not satisfactory, which is very important for the design of high-performance NIBs [45].…”