Research Progress and Challenge of Aqueous Zinc Ion Battery

Abstract

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) as an emerging battery energy storage technology have attracted widespread attention and developed rapidly in recent years due to the merits of high safety, low price, high energy density, environmental friendliness, easy manufacturing, etc., showing good application value and prospect in large-scale energy storage and other fields. Embarking from the current scientific issues existed in AZIBs, we review the important progress in cathode and anode materials and electrolyte used in AZIBs in this article. Firstly, the characteristics of multiple cathode materials that developed and their electrochemical reaction mechanism are analyzed and summarized. Afterward, the challenge and improving strategy for metal zinc anode are discussed, and the features of different aqueous electrolytes and the optimization solution are analyzed. Finally, the scientific problems to solve and technical challenges for the practical application in the future of this novel battery technology are summarized and prospected.

Stabilizing Zinc Electrodes with a Vanillin Additive in Mild Aqueous Electrolytes

“…Considerable efforts have been dedicated to enhancing Zn anodes, such as constructing hierarchical architectures, − building artificial protective layers, , and formulating electrolytes. − Among them, aqueous electrolyte regulation is a convenient approach to stabilize Zn electrodes . For example, “water-in-salt” highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes have been proposed to reduce the water activity and side reactions. , In addition, designing aqueous–organic hybrid electrolytes by coupling with organic solvents (e.g., dimethyl carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and antisolvents) can modulate the Zn 2+ solvation shell to decrease the number of solvating H 2 O molecules, thus alleviating the generation of byproducts.…”

Identification and adaptive evolution analysis of glutaredoxin genes in Populus spp.

“…The glutaredoxin (GRX) system is an important antioxidant system involved in various biological processes, including the oxidative stress response, DNA and protein damage repair, signal transduction, cell differentiation and apoptosis (Rouhier et al 2006;Li et al 2007;Zhang et al 2021). The GRX system includes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR) and GRX.…”

“…GRX can catalyse the reduction of disulfide bonds in substrate proteins through a single-or double-thiol mechanism using reduced GSH. Oxidized GSH (GSSG) is reduced to GSH by NADPH-dependent GR, thereby achieving redox cycling (Han et al 2021;Zhang et al 2021). The GRX gene has been widely studied in mammals; studies have shown that the GRX protein is closely associated with the nervous system, aging and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the occurrence of diseases such as cancer.…”

“…The CPYC-and CGFS-type are present in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Li 2014). The active site of CPYC-type genes is generally C[P/G/S][Y/F][C/S] belonging to the double-thiol group; the active site of the CGFS-type is the strictly conserved CGFS sequence, and these genes belong to the single-thiol group; the active site sequence of the CC-type is CC[M/L][C/S/ G/A/I], and this type occurs only in land plants (Zhang et al 2021). In addition, the GRL gene is similar to GRX and possesses the conserved GRX domain, but it lacks the canonical GRX active site.…”

“…2007; Zhang et al . 2021). The GRX system includes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR) and GRX.…”