Research progress and applications of nanobody in human infectious diseases

Abstract

Infectious diseases, caused by pathogenic microorganisms, are capable of affecting crises. In addition to persistent infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, the vicious outbreaks of infectious diseases such as Neocon, Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 in recent years have prompted the search for more efficient and convenient means for better diagnosis and treatment. Antibodies have attracted a lot of attention due to their good structural characteristics and applications. Nanobodies are the smallest functional single-domain antibodies known to be able to bind stably to antigens, with the advantages of high stability, high hydrophilicity, and easy expression and modification. They can directly target antigen epitopes or be constructed as multivalent nanobodies or nanobody fusion proteins to exert therapeutic effects. This paper focuses on the construction methods and potential functions of nanobodies, outlines the progress of their research, and highlights their various applications in human infectious diseases.

In Vivo mRNA CAR T Cell Engineering via Targeted Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles with Extrahepatic Tropism

“…[76][77][78] Specifically, future LNP development may explore alternatives to antibody fragments-such as nanobodies-to aid in decreasing anti-drug responses. [79,80] However, in all, these results confirm the ability of these Ab-LNP platforms to achieve potent CAR T cell production in vivo with the potential for tunable cytokine production.…”

Revolutionizing antiviral therapy with nanobodies: Generation and prospects

“…The animal's immune system produces a diverse repertoire of heavy chain-only antibodies, which can be isolated from its blood or lymph nodes. The genes encoding these antibodies are then amplified using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and cloned into a phage display vector [19] .…”

“…In this step, the library is incubated with the target protein immobilized on a solid support (such as a microtiter plate). The phages displaying Nbs that bind to the target protein are captured on the support while non-binding phages are washed away [19] .…”

Bypassing the Need for Cell Permeabilization: Nanobody CDR3 Peptide Improves Binding on Living Bacteria

“…Another type of antibody-based biomolecules are nanobodies. A few reports have been made on the use of nanobodies to target pathogenic bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Legionella pneumophila, and Campylobacter jejuni. − …”