“…Besides, the high-level vibration arising from the wheel polygonal wear can also give rise to the non-linear vibration in the axle box front cover of high-speed train and further contribute to the failure of connecting bolts (Feng, Qu, Li, Dai, & Shu, 2023). Dong et al reported the failure of the wire bracket installed on the axle box through the field test and numerical simulation and concluded that the crack initiated from the weld defect and the combined impacts due to wheel polygonal wear and rail corrugation serve as the main driving force for fatigue failure (Dong, Wang, Dai, & Li, 2023). high frequency impacts excite the natural frequency of lifeguard thereby reducing fatigue lifetime (Li et al, 2019).…”