Research on the Technical Architecture for Building CPS and Its Application on a Mobile Phone Factory

Industrial Cyber-Physical System Evolution Detection and Alert Generation

“…There are some proposals in the literature that address monitoring solutions for ICPSs [19,21]. ICPS monitoring solutions are used in different domains such as traffic control and safety, manufacturing, or energy conservation [21,26].…”

“…In the same manner, some authors propose monitoring ICPSs to detect attacks that can affect the systems [27] or even for, storage data, data analysis, and the use of machine learning techniques to automatically update ICPS functionalities [28]. Despite that, different authors manage ICPS variability regarding the software [14,15], and a few of them consider hardware variability [18,19]. Hernandez and Reiff-Marganiec [18] propose a framework where smart objects start working in a autonomous way from a passive position to an active one.…”

“…Unlike our system, these smart objects only consider variability at the Cyber Layer not in the Physical Layer. Chen et al [19] recognizes variability at the Cyber and Physical Layers, but it is not able to manage the variability at runtime. Therefore, ICPSs evolve throughout their lifetimes [11], but the previous presented solutions do not consider the traceability and the communication of the evolution at runtime.…”

“…Note that managing the variability is crucial in Industry 4.0 [1,2,10], as the data captured from the ICPS are converted into information for decision-making. Note that the ICPS evolution includes not only software but also the addition, removal, and replacement of already installed devices [10,19], as ICPSs and their operating environment are highly dynamic due to, e.g., a deployment of autonomous devices. Therefore, flexibility and adaptation are the two required capabilities posing additional challenges for monitoring ICPSs [1, 11,12].…”

“…Although the identified issues are motivated by a press line domain, we notice that the ICPS evolution is something known in the literature [13,14], and considering the domain analysis performed in our previous work [5], we realized that ICPS evolution besides the different ICPS topologies are not specific problems for press lines. In the literature, many authors consider software evolution [14][15][16][17], but very few of them consider software and hardware evolution [18,19] even though those who consider runtime variability do not consider uncertainties; hence, as far as we know, no one in the literature has give the response to detecting ICPS evolution in order (1) to have the traceability of what has happened in an ICPS over time; (2) to classify the occurred evolution in order to communicate immediately to the users to avoid any bad decisions; and (3) to give a solution which considers different ICPS topologies.…”