Research on the Anatomy and Pathology of the Psittacine Heart

Krautwald‐Junghanns, Maria‐Elisabeth; Braun, Sabine; Pees, Michael; Straub, J; Valerius, Hans-Peter

doi:10.1647/2002-004

Cited by 56 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…The recognition of a high incidence of atherosclerosis in birds [2,3,31] has generated an interest in developing imaging modalities that will help identify lesions antemortem. Atherosclerosis has been reported in many avian orders, but Psittaciformes [32] and Anseriformes such as ducks and geese [32] appear to be particularly susceptible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas, vascular diseases in birds are not uncommon, according to findings from postmortem surveys but cardiovascular diseases are common in avian species [2][3][4][5][6] which can be diagnosed with echocardiography in antemortem period. In veterinary medicine, echocardiographic examination has become a very important diagnostic tool, and is indicated for assessment of cardiac function and the structure of the heart.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dört Aylık Erkek Devekuşu (Struthio camelus) Normal Ekokardiyografik Bulguları

Yadegari¹,

Rezakhani²,

Gholami‐Ahangaran³

et al. 2013

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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SummaryEchocardiography in birds is a useful and competent technique for morphological and functional cardiac assessment. The aim of this study was to establish normal reference echocardiographic values for ostrich. Echocardiographic parameters from 25 apparently healthy male and almost 4 month old ostrich were chosen for this experiment. Echocardiography was prepared from the second and third intercostals space and over the sternum. The mean and standard deviation was calculated for each parameter. The values obtained are: The left ventricular internal diameter at end systole and end diastole was 1.50±0.2 and 2.70±0.16 cm; left ventricular free wall at end systole and end diastole was 0.89±0.04 and 0.62±0.03 cm; inter ventricular septum at end systole and end diastole was 0.99±0.81 and 0.65±0.11 cm, respectively. The stroke volume was 20.98±2.56 cm 3 and fractional shortening was 44.41±0.53%. Normal echocardiographic values in the healthy birds may be used as early diagnostic and prognostic values in ostriches with cardiac diseases. Keywords: Ostrich, Echocardiography, Male, Age Dört Aylık Erkek Devekuşu (Struthio camelus)Normal Ekokardiyografik Bulguları ÖzetKuşlarda ekokardiyografi morfolojik ve fonksiyonel olarak kalbin değerlendirmesinde yararlı ve geçerli bir tekniktir. Bu çalışmanın amacı devekuşu için normal ekokardiyografik değerleri ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada görünüşte sağlıklı 4 yaşlı 25 adet erkek devekuşunun ekokardiyografik bulguları kullanıldı. Ekokardiyografi sternumun üzerinden ikinci ve üçüncü interkostal aralıktan sağlandı. Her parametre için ortalama ve standart sapma hesaplandı. Elde edilen değerler: sol ventrikül iç çapı sistol ve diastol sonunda sırasıyla 1.50±0.2 ve 2.70±0.16 cm; sol ventrikül serbest duvarı sistol ve diastol sonrasında sırasıyla 0.89±0.04 ve 0.62±0.03 cm; interventriküler septurm sistol ve diastol sonunda sırasıyla 0.99±0.81 ve 0.65±0.11 cm olarak kaydedildi. Kalp atım hacmi 20.98±2.56 cm 3 ve fraksiyonel kısalma 44.41±0.53% olarak belirlendi. Sağlıklı devekuşlarının normal ekokardiyografik değerleri bu hayvanların kalp hastalıklarında erken tanı ve prognostik amaçlı kullanılabilir.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dört Aylık Erkek Devekuşu (Struthio camelus) Normal Ekokardiyografik Bulguları

Yadegari¹,

Rezakhani²,

Gholami‐Ahangaran³

et al. 2013

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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“…The use of multiple species was not considered to be a limitation since the study was mainly observational, the location and histopathology of psittacine atherosclerotic lesions are homogeneous, and veterinary pathologists do not usually focus on a single species (Garner & Raymond, 2003;Bavelaar & Beynen, 2004;Krautwald-Junghanns et al, 2004;Fricke et al, 2009). Furthermore, in recent studies, no difference was reported between species in lesion description and location (Garner & Raymond, 2003;Bavelaar & Beynen, 2004;Krautwald-Junghanns et al, 2004;Pilny, 2004;Fricke et al, 2009). However, the use of different species should not be encouraged in experimental studies when a specific hypothesis is to be tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In birds, particularly the pigeon, similar pathological and ultrastructural studies have been performed and lead to similar findings (Lauper et al, 1975;Hansen, 1977;Stout & Thorpe, 1980;Barr et al, 1991;Casale et al, 1992). Recent studies have evaluated the characteristics of psittacine atherosclerosis using histopathology and IHC (Bavelaar & Beynen, 2003;Krautwald-Junghanns et al, 2004;Schenker & Hoop, 2007;Fricke et al, 2009). However, there are some limitations to light microscopy alone in describing atherosclerotic lesions such as difficulties in characterizing cell types, describing the fine structure of the atherosclerotic plaques, and quantifying the lesion composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…), cockatoos (Cacatua spp.) and cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) (Johnson et al, 1992;Garner & Raymond, 2003;Bavelaar & Beynen, 2004;Fricke et al, 2009;Krautwald-Junghanns et al, 2004;Pilny, 2004;Schenker & Hoop, 2007;StLeger, 2007). Avian models, such as pigeons, Japanese quails, turkeys, and chickens, are an integral and important part of the research conducted on atherosclerosis, and these models significantly contributed to the understanding of many aspects of the disease (St Clair, 1998;Moghadasian, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and classification of psittacine atherosclerotic lesions by histopathology, digital image analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopy

Beaufrère¹,

Nevarez²,

Holder

et al. 2011

Avian Pathology

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Atherosclerosis is a degenerative and inflammatory vascular disease characterized in mammals and birds by the accumulation of inflammatory cells, lipids, calcium, and formation of large fibrofatty lesions within the intima of arteries resulting in the disorganization of the arterial wall and stenosis of the lumen. Despite the high incidence of atherosclerosis in parrots and the high number of case reports, there are few pathologic investigations and the ultrastructural study of the lesions has not been documented. Sixty-three major arteries were collected from 24 psittacine birds of 11 species during routine post-mortem examinations. Samples from the major arteries were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldehyde, and processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additional samples were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin for histological examination. Additional histochemical stains for calcium, elastic fibres, and lipid were performed. Toluidine blue-stained 0.5 mm-thick resin sections were also obtained. Digital image analysis was performed to provide objective quantitative information on the different lesions. The histopathology and ultrastructure of psittacine atherosclerosis were found to be similar to other avian and mammalian species. Seven lesion types could be described, which were similar to the human classification system. Digital image analysis, TEM, and SEM helped to further describe the lesions and refine the classification system. TEM findings were similar to other avian and mammalian species with the notable presence of macrophage-derived and smooth muscle cellderived foam cells and extracellular lipid. SEM revealed various stages of endothelial surface defects and, occasionally, adherent blood cells.

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2007

Essentials of Avian Medicine and Surgery

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Research on the Anatomy and Pathology of the Psittacine Heart

Cited by 56 publications

References 4 publications

Dört Aylık Erkek Devekuşu (Struthio camelus) Normal Ekokardiyografik Bulguları

Dört Aylık Erkek Devekuşu (Struthio camelus) Normal Ekokardiyografik Bulguları

Characterization and classification of psittacine atherosclerotic lesions by histopathology, digital image analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopy

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