In this paper, topography characteristics are statistically analyzed based on a large number of field measured data to investigate the roughness failure on textured work rolls and the evolution on steel strips during cold rolling and temper rolling. It is revealed that the height distribution in the surface profile of steel strips is barely influenced by the skewed height distribution in the surface profile of work rolls. The roughness of steel strips is efficiently improved by the last stand of cold rolling, while the peak count is mainly increased by the temper rolling. A prediction model of surface roughness for temper rolled strips is established afterwards. This model indicates that the most important factor influencing the roughness of temper rolled strips is the product of reduction and tension ratio. The influence degree of the rolling process parameters is presented, which is helpful to regulate surface roughness of the steel strips by setting and adjusting these parameters during the industrial production process.