“…Simultaneously, more commuters will be attracted if the current China Railway commuter rail fares are replaced with a shared fare system with the metro network [13]. Furthermore, from a safety perspective, the health status of rail facilities can be monitored in real time by a rail intelligent operation and maintenance system, reducing the reliance on traditional manual judgement [14]. Service enhancement implements high-quality development and can improve the competitiveness of commuter railways.…”
China’s six mature metropolitan areas are facing a shortage of land resources. Commuter railways are a solution to this problem in the context of high-quality development. Nevertheless, the current commuter rail utilisation rate in these metropolitan areas is significantly lower than those in developed countries. Therefore, on the basis of analyses through the literature survey method, this paper collects the latest data on commuter railway services in the six metropolitan areas to discuss the reasons for the current low utilisation of commuter railways in terms of coverage, efficiency and operation, and to propose corresponding practicable solutions. The study found that the number of routes currently in operation is too small. In addition, there are issues including irrational station distribution, sparse train frequency and short operating hours and slow interchange in the services, all of which make the commuter railways fail to achieve the idealised time-saving effect, and serve as a reason for commuters to rely on private cars. In the foreseeable future, with the imposition of the concepts of sustainable development, transportation integration and service orientation, there is possibility that the utilisation rate of commuter railways in these metropolitan areas will be elevated.
“…Simultaneously, more commuters will be attracted if the current China Railway commuter rail fares are replaced with a shared fare system with the metro network [13]. Furthermore, from a safety perspective, the health status of rail facilities can be monitored in real time by a rail intelligent operation and maintenance system, reducing the reliance on traditional manual judgement [14]. Service enhancement implements high-quality development and can improve the competitiveness of commuter railways.…”
China’s six mature metropolitan areas are facing a shortage of land resources. Commuter railways are a solution to this problem in the context of high-quality development. Nevertheless, the current commuter rail utilisation rate in these metropolitan areas is significantly lower than those in developed countries. Therefore, on the basis of analyses through the literature survey method, this paper collects the latest data on commuter railway services in the six metropolitan areas to discuss the reasons for the current low utilisation of commuter railways in terms of coverage, efficiency and operation, and to propose corresponding practicable solutions. The study found that the number of routes currently in operation is too small. In addition, there are issues including irrational station distribution, sparse train frequency and short operating hours and slow interchange in the services, all of which make the commuter railways fail to achieve the idealised time-saving effect, and serve as a reason for commuters to rely on private cars. In the foreseeable future, with the imposition of the concepts of sustainable development, transportation integration and service orientation, there is possibility that the utilisation rate of commuter railways in these metropolitan areas will be elevated.
“…To cope with problems related to diverse logistic information across borders, in [32], the authors propose a hybrid cloud with three layers of services. A cloud-based architecture of an intelligent operation and maintenance system in railways is presented in [33], with focus on the respective workflows. In [34], the authors study the capabilities of building cloud computing platforms for railways with open-source products and propose a high-level security architecture for the cloud.…”
The cloudification and virtualisation of railway functions have the potential to improve railway operation efficiency, reliability, safety, and security, as well as to enhance passenger experience by offering innovative services. This paper considers issues related to the management and orchestration of railway clouds that host cloudified railway functions. A microservices-based approach to the design of railway cloud management and orchestration functionality is proposed. The basic railway cloud concepts were defined, and functionality related to the basic orchestration of the railway cloud and deployments is analysed in order to derive the requirements of platform resources and workload management. This functionality is further designed in the form of microservices, meaning that they could possibly be used in orchestration applications to enable improvements in scalability, fault isolation, and data security. The design of microservices follows the principles of the Representational State of Transfer (REST) application programming interface (API) as a set of interlinked resources. Resources related to railway cloud orchestration are identified with their associated data, relationships to other resources, and applicable methods. The resources’ methods are used in railway applications to implement the required orchestration functionality and to maintain the state of railway cloud orchestration processes. To verify the synthesised microservices, the common orchestration application logic and microservices’ logic were modelled, and it was proved that the orchestration processes, which run concurrently, expose equivalent behaviour. The proposed approach was validated using a simulation, aiming to evaluate injected latency as a key performance indicator for the reliability and safety of railway operations. Additionally, some safety and security issues related to railway cloud management and orchestration are considered.
“…As automation and mechanization came into picture to change the production processes are converted from manual to machines in high end [3]. Accordingly, the global market is working in one-faced industrialization and to be competitive.…”
The productivity improvement is being main concern of all industries in spite of the type of product and amount of recourses or production system. One of the wine factories (Awash wine factory, Ethiopia) is also struggling to achieve its expected productivity since 1970s because of its poor maintenance management system. So far, productivity has been achieved by implementing various methodologies exclusively computerized maintenance and management system. Accordingly, the main aim of the study is to enhance productivity through smart maintenance management system. The current chapter emphasis on effective maintenance strategy and management system as the solitary way of improving productivity of the case company. The study used descriptive research design by applying both quantitative and qualitative research approach. Maintenance strategy followed by the company (brake down), frequent failure of critical machines, poor maintenance management system, lack of pertinent attention on maintenance, inadequate maintenance budget, considering maintenance as a cost center rather than a business center were the foundations for the problems. Arising from these problems, this study proposed smart maintenance strategy (Preventive Maintenance) and management system tool (CMMS) that improves reliability of machines reduce frequency of equipment failure, reduce breakdown time, decrease cost of maintenance, and then enhance productivity.
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