Research on Payne effect of natural rubber reinforced by graft‐modified silica

Fu, W.T.; Wang, Li

doi:10.1002/app.43891

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The typical Payne effect appeared [13,14] during the dynamic loading process; that is, the storage modulus of HTPB coating at different aging times decreased with the increase of the strain amplitude, while the loss modulus increased first, and then decreased. The strength of the Payne effect can be expressed by the difference of storage modulus E .…”

Section: Crosslinking Density Modified Model For Payne Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The functional relationship between strain energy density and crosslinking density was established.Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is an important tool to study the dynamic mechanical properties of HTPB coating [12]. With the increase of strain amplitude, the typical Payne effect appears in the dynamic mechanical properties of the material [13,14]; that is, the storage modulus decreases with the increase of strain amplitude, while the loss modulus increases first, and then decreases. The famous Kraus model was first proposed by Kraus [15] to describe the Payne effect of materials.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Influence of Thermally-Accelerated Aging on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of HTPB Coating and Crosslinking Density-Modified Model for the Payne Effect

Zheng

2020

Polymers

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Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) coating is widely used in a solid rocket motor, but an aging phenomenon exists during long-term storage, which causes irreversible damage to the performance of this HTPB coating. In order to study the effect of aging on the dynamic mechanical properties of the HTPB coating, the thermally-accelerated aging test was carried out. The variation of maximum elongation and crosslinking density with aging time was obtained, and a good linear relationship between maximum elongation and crosslinking density was found by correlation analysis. The changing regularity of dynamic mechanical properties with aging time was analyzed. It was found that with the increase of aging time, T g of HTPB coating increased, T α , tan β and tan α decreased, and the functional relationships between the loss factor parameters and crosslinking density were constructed. The storage modulus and loss modulus of HTPB coating increased with the increase of aging time, and decreased with the increase of pre-strain. The aging enhanced the Payne effect of HTPB coating, while the pre-strain had a weakening effect. In view of the Payne effect of HTPB coating, the crosslinking density was introduced into Kraus model as aging evaluation parameter, and the crosslinking density modified models with and without pre-strain were established. The proposed models can effectively solve the problem that the Kraus model has a poor fitting effect under the condition of small strain (generally less than 1%) and on the loss modulus, which have improved the correlations between the fitting results and the test results.Polymers 2020, 12, 403 2 of 20 of 1 H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), and analyzed the influence of the crosslinking density on the macro-mechanical properties.It was found that with the increase of crosslinking density, the hardness and modulus of the material increased linearly, while the elongation at break decreased linearly. Katarzyna et al. [5] found that the existence of crosslinking resulted in the increase of the glass transition temperature T g . Actually, the linear relationship equation between T g and crosslinking density was derived in the study of Fox and Loshaek [6]. Although the linear equation was not completely consistent with some later results [7-9], they also came to the same conclusion that the crosslinking can increase the glass transition temperature of the polymer. In the study of Celina et al. [10], it was found that the crosslinking density of HTPB elastomers increased with the aging time. The mainly aging reaction was oxidation crosslinking, and the change of crosslinking density affected the mechanical properties of the material. Byungwoo et al. [11] also got the same conclusion. The test results demonstrated that the crosslinking density increased with the increase of aging temperature and aging time, and the crosslinking changed with the change of aging condition. The functional relationship between strain energy density and crosslinking density was established.Dynamic mechanical ...

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Section: Crosslinking Density Modified Model For Payne Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Thermally-Accelerated Aging on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of HTPB Coating and Crosslinking Density-Modified Model for the Payne Effect

Zheng

2020

Polymers

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“…In formula (5), is the stress, /( − −2 ) is defined as the reduced stress, is the strain along the stress direction, and C 10 and C 01 are constants without clear physical meaning [33]. According to the formula (5), the stress-strain curve of a sample can be transferred to the Mooney-Rivlin curve (hereinafter referred to as Mooney curve).…”

Section: Effect Of Storage On Mullins Effect Recovery Of Nr/cbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) In the high strain region (the left side of the curve), the reduced stress increases with the increase of strain is because of the non-Gaussian behavior of the polymer chains. The upturning phenomenon of the reduced stress in high strain region indicates that the polymer chains are stretched to their ultimate elongation [33].…”

Section: Effect Of Storage On Mullins Effect Recovery Of Nr/cbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties and Mullins Effect in Natural Rubber Reinforced by Grafted Carbon Black

Wang

Huang

et al. 2019

Advances in Polymer Technology

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The obvious polarity difference between the carbon black (CB) and the natural rubber (NR) causes the CB hard to be dispersed in the NR matrix when the addition amount is large. In this paper, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was grafted onto the surface of CB by the liquid phase. The grafted carbon black (GCB) was prepared and applied to reinforce NR. The main physical and mechanical properties of NR were improved because of the better compatibility between GCB and NR. The Mullins effect of the vulcanizate was calculated by the cyclic stress-strain experiment. The results showed that the Mullins effect both existed in the virgin NR system and filled NR system. The degree of Mullins effect was increased with the increase of the filler addition, but that was different for CB and GCB. When the filler addition was below 20 phr, the Mullins effect of NR/GCB was stronger than that of NR/CB. However, when the filler addition was over 30 phr, the Mullins effect of NR/CB was stronger than that of NR/GCB. The Mullins effect was affected by the heat treatment temperature and time. The mechanisms of the Mullins effect were analyzed.

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“…Moreover, the use of silica as a reinforcing filler provides improved rubber properties in terms of the increased tear strength and abrasion resistance plus low heat build‐up and rolling resistance . However, the hydrophilicity generated from the large amount of silanol groups of silica powder induces poor dispersion in the rubber matrix; especially for nonpolar rubbers and the high surface energy of the conventional silica powder also promotes the high level of agglomeration leading the reduction of processing performance and reinforcing properties …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative behavior of in situ silica generation in saturated rubbers: EPDM and hydrogenated natural rubber

Ongwongsakul

Rempel

Poompradub

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Role of carbon‐carbon double (CC) bonds content and their position in ethylene‐propylene diene ter‐polymer (EPDM), hydrogenated natural rubber (HNR) and natural rubber (NR) on in situ silica formation using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as a silica precursor is comparatively investigated. Glass transition temperature (Tg) reflecting rubber chain flexibility is found as an important factor for in situ silica generation via swelling method. Despite of similar solubility parameters, NR has higher TEOS‐swelling degree resulting in the higher in situ silica content (30.8 phr) than EPDM (3.50 phr) and HNR (10.4–17.6 phr) due to the higher Tg of EPDM and HNR providing the less chain flexibility to be swollen in TEOS solution. The morphological analysis implies that CC bonds in saturated rubbers may be agglomeration sites for in situ silica particles. For practical applications, saturated rubbers containing in situ silica/NR vulcanizates showed the improvement of mechanical properties and resistance of thermal and ozone degradation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44748.

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Research on Payne effect of natural rubber reinforced by graft‐modified silica

Cited by 23 publications

References 21 publications

Influence of Thermally-Accelerated Aging on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of HTPB Coating and Crosslinking Density-Modified Model for the Payne Effect

Influence of Thermally-Accelerated Aging on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of HTPB Coating and Crosslinking Density-Modified Model for the Payne Effect

Mechanical Properties and Mullins Effect in Natural Rubber Reinforced by Grafted Carbon Black

Comparative behavior of in situ silica generation in saturated rubbers: EPDM and hydrogenated natural rubber

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