“…Infrared characteristics calculations for aircraft are closely related to skin material properties, aerothermal effects, exhaust plume properties, and environmental conditions. Different characteristics of surface materials, such as emissivity, absorption, and reflectivity, result in different IR properties and, thus, different temperature and radiation distributions [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. High-speed relative movement of aircraft and the air leads to aerodynamic heating, which is also an important source of radiation [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”