Research on drinking water purification technologies for household use by reducing total dissolved solids (TDS)

Abstract

This study, based in San Bernardino County, Southern California, collected and examined tap water samples within the area to explore the feasibility of adopting non-industrial equipment and methods to reduce water hardness and total dissolved solids(TDS). We investigated how water quality could be improved by utilizing water boiling, activated carbon and sodium bicarbonate additives, as well as electrolysis methods. The results show that heating is effective at lower temperatures rather than long boils, as none of the boiling tests were lower than the original value. Activated carbon is unable to lower TDS, because it is unable to bind to any impurities present in the water. This resulted in an overall TDS increase of 3.5%. However, adding small amounts of sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3) will further eliminate water hardness by reacting with magnesium ions and improve taste, while increasing the pH. When added to room temperature tap water, there is a continuous increase in TDS of 24.8% at the 30 mg/L mark. The new findings presented in this study showed that electrolysis was the most successful method in eliminating TDS, showing an inverse proportion where an increasing electrical current and duration of electrical lowers more amounts of solids. This method created a maximum decrease in TDS by a maximum of 22.7%, with 3 tests resulting in 15.3–16.6% decreases. Furthermore, when water is heated to a temperature around 50°C (122°F), a decrease in TDS of around 16% was also shown. The reduction of these solids will help lower water hardness and improve the taste of tap water. These results will help direct residents to drink more tap water rather than bottled water with similar taste and health benefits for a cheaper price as well as a reduction on plastic usage.

Harvested Rainwater Quality of Dhaka and Its Importance as the Alternative to Surface and Groundwater

“…Based upon the quality assessment of the harvested rainwater sample, the pH of all rainwater samples ranged between (6.5-7.1) at the temperature of 25°C. The TDS, DO, and electrical conductivity was measured to be (20-48) ppm, (13)(14)(15)(16)(17) ppm, and 50-80 μs/cm respectively. The alkalinity, hardness was also measured according to APHA 2017, and the result was found to be (9.92-17.36) and ( 10.00-18.00) ppm respectively.…”

“…The average amount of Iron, Calcium, and Magnesium found in the samples was 0.65, 0.85, and 0.32 ppm respectively. The TDS of standard mineral water lies between <300 ppm, and most of the bottled drinking water in Bangladesh has a TDS value less than 50 ppm [13]. All these parameters were then compared with the WHO standards (shown in Figure 4.)…”

Renewable Energy Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control in the New City Area Mamminasata Metropolitan, Indonesia

“…The third is water energy, its use is through the construction of waiting reservoirs that function to accommodate water for distribution to housing units using a pumping system and its function is used for urban flood control. Meeting the need for drinking water will help in supporting the increase in community economic productivity and meeting the needs of urban industry (Wang, 2021;Fisher and Smith, 2022). Furthermore, the effect of controlling space utilization, renewable energy utilization, and transportation management on improving the environmental quality of the Mamminasata Metropolitan new city area, is presented in Table 2 below.…”

Rain Water Harvesting Technology: Drinking water fulfillment and water conservation nearby landfill area

“…Before starting the test, the equipment was sterilized using an electric autoclave at 121°C. The pH and TDS values were measured directly in the field with standard pH and TDS meters, respectively [18]. The interaction relationship between spatial variability and each water quality parameter was statistically analyzed by multiple linear regression with a confidence level of 95%.…”