“…Originally, designs of new cities followed artistic principles (Sitte, 1965), ecological principles (Cadenasso and Pickett, 2008) and principles of regional cities or those of compact cities (Thomas and Cousins, 1996;Anabtawi, 2018), for example. More recently, such designs need to adhere to principles of sustainable cities (Bibri, 2018), urban resilience (Ribeiro and Gonçalves, 2019), liveability (Southworth, 2016), city branding (Lu and Fu, 2019), city of public urban spaces (Carmona, 2021) or smart city development (Han and Hawken, 2018), to mention just a few. Specific for capital cities is that they must represent the ideal image of the country and country's history, be multi-functional in politics and commercial life yet also be able to host performative functions and act as cultural center (De Vries, 2021;Hackbarth and de Vries, 2021).…”