“…• Minimising access, through movement and connectivity (Bevis and Nutter, 1977;Rubenstein et al, 1980;Taylor and Gottfredson, 1987;Van der Voordt and Van Wegen, 1990;White, 1990;Poyner and Webb, 1991;Matthews, 1992;Atlas and LeBlanc, 1994;Beavon et al, 1994;Newman, 1995Newman, , 1996Donnelly and Kimble, 1997;Wagner, 1997;Lasley, 1998;Mirlees-Black et al, 1998;Rengert and Hakim, 1998;Zavoski et al, 1999;Hakim et al, 2001;Taylor, 2002;Nubani and Wineman, 2005;Armitage, 2006a;Yang, 2006;Farrington and Welsh, 2009;Johnson and Bowers, 2010;Armitage et al, 2010). • Increasing surveillance (Reppetto, 1974;Winchester and Jackson, 1982;Brown and Altman, 1983;Coleman, 1986;Taylor and Gottfredson, 1987;Van der Voordt and Van Wegen, 1990;Cromwell and Olson, 1991;Brown and Bentley, 1993;Groff and LaVigne, 2001;Nee, 2003). • Managing and maintaining developments (Zimbardo, 1970;Finnie, 1973;Wilson and Kelling, 1982;…”