Research on bilingualism as discovery science

Navarro-Torres, Christian A.; Beatty-Martínez, Anne L.; Kroll, Judith F.; Green, David W.

doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2021.105014

Cited by 44 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…We emphasize that the identification of bilingual phenotypes is fundamentally a transdisciplinary endeavor. In the last several years, exciting new synergies have emerged between research on bilingualism and other disciplines, such as information theory (Feldman et al 2021;Gullifer and Titone 2020), network science (Tiv et al 2020;Titone and Tiv forthcoming;Xu et al 2021aXu et al , 2021b, and usage-based approaches (Beatty-Martínez et al 2018;Navarro-Torres et al 2021). In this respect, a focus on multi-lab collaborations aimed at leveraging different interactional experiences offers promising prospects for embedding such work in a more comprehensive view of adaptive change (Kroll et al 2018;Leivada et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…that explain the adaptive interplay between the brain and the environment for a population of speakers. The identification and characterization of which features are relevant for a given population of speakers is critical for research on bilingualism (see Navarro-Torres et al 2021 for further illustration).…”

Section: Conflicts Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our position is that systematic variation in bilingual language experience gives rise to a variety of phenotypes 1 with different patterns of associations across language processing outcomes. An implication that follows is that a particular association between two variables might be robust for one phenotype, yet absent for others, and so, characterizing speakers in terms of their profile and trajectory through different contexts is essential if we are to understand the limits and boundary conditions of putative bilingualism effects (Green and Abutalebi 2013;Green et al 2007;Navarro-Torres et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Quest for Signals in Noise: Leveraging Experiential Variation to Identify Bilingual Phenotypes

Beatty-Martínez

Titone

2021

Languages

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Increasing evidence suggests that bilingualism does not, in itself, result in a particular pattern of response, revealing instead a complex and multidimensional construct that is shaped by evolutionary and ecological sources of variability. Despite growing recognition of the need for a richer characterization of bilingual speakers and of the different contexts of language use, we understand relatively little about the boundary conditions of putative “bilingualism” effects. Here, we review recent findings that demonstrate how variability in the language experiences of bilingual speakers, and also in the ability of bilingual speakers to adapt to the distinct demands of different interactional contexts, impact interactions between language use, language processing, and cognitive control processes generally. Given these findings, our position is that systematic variation in bilingual language experience gives rise to a variety of phenotypes that have different patterns of associations across language processing and cognitive outcomes. The goal of this paper is thus to illustrate how focusing on systematic variation through the identification of bilingual phenotypes can provide crucial insights into a variety of performance patterns, in a manner that has implications for previous and future research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conflicts Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Quest for Signals in Noise: Leveraging Experiential Variation to Identify Bilingual Phenotypes

Beatty-Martínez

Titone

2021

Languages

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“…Studies on bilingual language control have long been interested in identifying the nature of switch costs using both voluntary and cued language switching tasks 56 , 57 . If distinct attentional states mediate different types of language use with implications for language processing, then this argument requires us to not only richly characterize individuals in terms of their habits of language use (and, by extension, the interactional context at the site of testing) 11 , 17 , 58 , but also specify the immediate context and attentional control demands of the experiment proper 59 . To this end, it is imperative to show how different interactional experiences relate to different paths of adaptive change in language control processes and to frame research questions in ways that reveal and exploit the boundary conditions on such variability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, we would expect increased alpha power to be associated with lower attention ability and similar pupil dilations between unilingual and codeswitched conditions. In this way, examining the role of individual differences in pupillary response to unilingual and codeswitched speech offers a potential way to explore degeneracy in bilingual language control 58 , 66 . Further work is needed to identify and characterize more precisely the factors and pathways that underlie adaptive change.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phasic pupillary responses reveal differential engagement of attentional control in bilingual spoken language processing

Beatty-Martínez

Tamargo

Dussias

2021

Sci Rep

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Language processing is cognitively demanding, requiring attentional resources to efficiently select and extract linguistic information as utterances unfold. Previous research has associated changes in pupil size with increased attentional effort. However, it is unknown whether the behavioral ecology of speakers may differentially affect engagement of attentional resources involved in conversation. For bilinguals, such an act potentially involves competing signals in more than one language and how this competition arises may differ across communicative contexts. We examined changes in pupil size during the comprehension of unilingual and codeswitched speech in a richly-characterized bilingual sample. In a visual-world task, participants saw pairs of objects as they heard instructions to select a target image. Instructions were either unilingual or codeswitched from one language to the other. We found that only bilinguals who use each of their languages in separate communicative contexts and who have high attention ability, show differential attention to unilingual and codeswitched speech. Bilinguals for whom codeswitching is common practice process unilingual and codeswitched speech similarly, regardless of attentional skill. Taken together, these results suggest that bilinguals recruit different language control strategies for distinct communicative purposes. The interactional context of language use critically determines attentional control engagement during language processing.

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Usage‐Based Theory and Bilingualism

Cole¹,

Dumont²

2023

The Handbook of Usage‐Based Linguistics

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Research on bilingualism as discovery science

Cited by 44 publications

References 128 publications

The Quest for Signals in Noise: Leveraging Experiential Variation to Identify Bilingual Phenotypes

The Quest for Signals in Noise: Leveraging Experiential Variation to Identify Bilingual Phenotypes

Phasic pupillary responses reveal differential engagement of attentional control in bilingual spoken language processing

Usage‐Based Theory and Bilingualism

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