Research on Bayer Red Mud Slurry Electrolysis

Lin, Shengnan; Zhang, Ting‐an; Zhang, Boran; Chao, Xi

doi:10.1007/s00128-022-03495-6

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Red mud management remains a concern for the worldwide alumina industries, as well as regulatory agencies, due to the vast amounts created, which include minute and trace concentrations of heavy metals and radionuclides, as well as the adverse effects of its disposal. Red mud disposal is still difficult because of its high alkalinity (pH 10-13, according to Liu et al [16]). The most significant disadvantage of the pond disposal procedure is the danger that it poses to people and wildlife when they come into contact with caustic liquor and residue (when they are not treated appropriately) [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview on Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Rare-Earth Metals from Red Mud

Akcil,

Swami,

Gardas

et al. 2024

Minerals

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Aluminum is produced from its primary bauxite ore through the Bayer process. Although Al is important nowadays in the development of humanity, its production leads to the generation of a huge amount of waste, called red mud. Globally, the estimation of the stock of red mud is about 4 billion tons, with about 10 million tons located in Turkey. The presence of rare-earth elements (REEs) in crucial materials such as red mud makes it a major source of these elements. A number of methods have been developed for treating red mud, which are employed globally to recover valuable products. The application of a suitable method for REE extraction from red mud is a way to overcome the supply risk, contributing to reducing the environmental issues linked to red mud pollution. The current review summarizes the research on red mud processing and examines the viability of recovering REEs from red mud sustainably, utilizing hydrometallurgy and biohydrometallurgy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview on Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Rare-Earth Metals from Red Mud

Akcil,

Swami,

Gardas

et al. 2024

Minerals

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“…The key to dealkalization is converting chemically bound alkali into free alkali. The main mechanisms in the alkali removal process for red mud include the neutralization reaction [35], the precipitation reaction [36], and the Na replacement reaction [37,38]. Because of the complexity and diversity of red mud chemically bound alkali in red mud, researchers have conducted less research on its removal mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Alkali in Bayer Red Mud: Content and Occurrence State in Different Structures

Wang,

Jing,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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The application of large amounts of red mud in the field of building materials is one of the main ways to reuse this material, but the high alkali content of red mud limits its application. In this paper, the washable alkali, removable alkali, and lattice alkali contents of Bayer red mud were studied, and the occurrence states of potassium and sodium in red mud were studied using XRD, IR, XPS, and NMR. On this basis, the removal mechanism for potassium and sodium in red mud was analyzed. The results showed that the Na in the red mud was mainly deposited in the shelf silicon voids of hydroxy sodalite (Na8(AlSiO4)6(OH)2(H2O)2) in the form of Si-O-Na or Al-O-Na. K is deposited in the shelf silico-oxygen void of potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) in the form of Si-O-K or Al-O-K. The washable Na and K contents of the mud were 13.7% and 4.47%; the alkali removal agent CaO removed 83.1% and 50.8% of Na and K in the red mud; and the lattice alkali Na and K contents were 3.20% and 44.8%, respectively. In the process of red mud dealkalization, Ca2+ ions can enter the internal voids of the hydroxyl sodalite and potassium feldspar silica skeleton and then replace Al3+ in the Si-O skeleton and Na+ and K+ in the skeleton voids. The replacement reaction changes the silica tetrahedron network structure, resulting in the disintegration of the frame-like silica tetrahedron in the hydroxyl sodalite and potassium feldspar, forming an isolated, island-like silica tetrahedron in hydrated garnet.

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